Arctometatarsalia Holtz, 1994
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Passer domesticus) (modified from Holtz and Padian, 1995)
Other definitions- (arctometatarsus) (Holtz, 1994)
= "Arctometatarsalia" Holtz, 1992
= Ornithomimosauria sensu Osmólska, 1997
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Troodon formosus)
= Ornithomimosauria sensu Sereno, 1998
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Passer domesticus) (modified)
= Ornithomimidae sensu Sereno, 1998
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Erlikosaurus andrewsi) (modified)
= Ornithomimidae sensu Sereno, 1999
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Shuvuuia deserti)
= Ornithomimosauria sensu Lee et al., 2014
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Allosaurus fragilis, Tyrannosaurus rex, Compsognathus longipes, Alvarezsaurus calvoi, Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, Troodon formosus, Deinonychus antirrhopus, Passer domesticus)
= Ornithomimiformes Sereno, 2017
Definition- (Ornithomimus edmontonicus <- Passer domesticus) (Sereno, 2017)
= Ornithomimosauria sensu Sereno, 2017
Definition- (Ornithomimus edmontonicus <- Tyrannosaurus rex, Shuvuuia deserti, Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, Oviraptor philoceratops, Troodon formosus, Passer domesticus)
= Ornithomimoidea sensu Sereno, 2017
Definition- (Ornithomimus edmontonicus <- Tyrannosaurus rex, Nqwebasaurus thwazi, Shuvuuia deserti, Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, Oviraptor philoceratops, Troodon formosus, Passer domesticus)
Comments- Holtz (1992) originally used Arctometatarsalia in his thesis before officially naming it for the same clade in 1994 (tyrannosaurids, ornithomimosaurs, troodontids, caenagnathids and Avimimus). These all share an arctometatarsus, with the third metatarsal pinched proximally, but tyrannosaurids, derived ornithomimosaurs, caenagnathids (including Avimimus) and derived troodontids are now known to have developed the structure in parallel. Holtz and Padian (1995) later defined the clade as "all coelurosaurs closer to Ornithomimus than to birds", so while the original content and diagnostic feature no longer apply, the name can still be used.
Sereno (2017) erected Ornithomimiformes to replace Arctometatarsalia. I actually think it's a better name for the clade in question, especially as the arctometatarsus evolved so many times and most authors would only include ornithomimosaurs in the taxon anyway. Also, Arctometatarsalia was originally defined as an apomorphy-based clade, and arctometatarsalian is a non-taxonomic word as well. The problem is priority, as Arctometatarsalia has over two decades of it both nomenclaturally and definitionally.
References- Holtz, 1992. An unusual structure of the metatarsus of Theropoda (Archosauria: Dinosauria: Saurischia) of the Cretaceous. PhD thesis, Yale University. 347 pp.
Holtz, 1994. The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: Implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Paleontology. 68(5), 1100-1117.
Holtz and Padian, 1995. Definition and diagnosis of Theropoda and related taxa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15(3), 35A.
Osmólska, 1997. Ornithomimosauria. In Currie and Padian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press. 499-503.
Sereno, 1998. A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen. 210(1), 41-83.
Choiniere, Xu, Clark, Forster, Guo and Han, 2010. A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the Early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Science. 327, 571-574.
Sereno, 2017. Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Africa. Ameghiniana. 54, 576-616.

Ornithomimosauria Barsbold, 1976
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Tyrannosaurus rex, Shuvuuia deserti, Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, Oviraptor philoceratops, Troodon formosus, Passer domesticus) (Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019)
Other definitions- (Ornithomimus velox <- Troodon formosus) (modified from Osmólska, 1997)
(Ornithomimus velox <- Passer domesticus) (modified from Sereno, 1998)
(Pelecanimimus polyodon + Ornithomimus edmontonicus) (Makovicky et al., 2004; modified from Padian, Hutchinson and Holtz, 1999)
(Ornithomimus edmontonicus <- Alvarezsaurus calvoi) (Hu, Hou, Zhang and Xu, 2009)
(Pelecanimimus polyodon + Harpymimus okladnikovi + Shenzhousaurus orientalis + Ornithomimus velox) (modified from Senter, 2011)
(Ornithomimus edmontonicus <- Tyrannosaurus rex, Shuvuuia deserti, Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, Oviraptor philoceratops, Troodon formosus, Passer domesticus) (Sereno, 2017)
= Deinocheirosauria Barsbold, 1976
Diagnosis- subnarial process of premaxilla extends posterior to naris; dentary teeth absent posteriorly; laterally inclined flange along dorsal edge of surangular for articulation with lateral process of lateral quadrate condyle; manual phalanx II-1 less than twice as long as phalanx III-1.
Comments- Sereno's (2017) definition revises his earlier (1998) one which only included Passer as an external specifier, and Osmólska's (1997) which only included Troodon. Hu et al.'s (2009) recent definition functions for the present phylogeny and if alvarezsaurids are found to be maniraptorans. The only other suggested definition is Makovicky et al.'s (2004), which is a node-based first level redefinition of Padian et al.'s (1999) using Pelecanimimus and Ornithomimus edmontonicus. Sereno has a good point that a taxon directly outside Pelecanimimus + Ornithomimus (such as Deinocheirus in Makovicky et al. 2004) should be an ornithomimosaur, but wouldn't be using the node-based definition. Furthermore, Pelecanimimus is an alvarezsauroid in Hartman et al. (2019), which would force alvarezsaurids inside Ornithomimosauria. Hu et al.'s and Sereno's definitions are both problematic due to the use of Ornithomimus edmontonicus instead of O. velox. See the comments under Maniraptoriformes for details. Hartman et al. (2019) solved these problems with sufficient external specifiers and use of the type species of Ornithomimus.
Ex-ornithomimosaurs- Russell (1935) referred a pedal phalanx (CMN coll.) from the Milk River Formation of Alberta, Canada to Ornithomimidae, but McFeeters et al. (2014) found it resembles thescelosaurids and (McFeeters pers. comm. 2014) Elmisaurus more.
Gallup (1975) referred a femur (FMNH PR 975), pedal phalanx IV-3 and ungual ?IV (FMNH Turtle Gully) to Ornithomimus sp., but these may be another kind of coelurosaur.
Horner (1979) listed metatarsals YPM VPPU.021795 as Ornithomimidae indet., and Baird (1986) mentioned it and caudal YPM PU 22416 as ornithimimids, both from the Merchantville Formation of Delaware, but these have since been reidentified as tyrannosauroid (e.g. Brownstein, 2017).
Currie et al. (2008) stated ornithomimid elements were present in the Nemegt Avimimus bonebed, but the final description by Funston et al. (2016) doesn't include these in the 17 non-Avimimus specimens, suggesting these were downgraded to Dinosauria indet..
Alifanov and Saveliev (2015) described a supposed new taxon of ornithomimosaur, Lepidocheirosaurus, which is based on Kulindadromeus specimens (see entry for the latter genus).
References- Russell, 1935. Fauna of the Upper Milk River beds, southern Alberta. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 3, section 4. 29, 115-127.
Gallup, 1975. Lower Cretaceous dinosaurs and associated vertebrates from north-central Texas in the Field Museum of Natural History. MS thesis, University of Texas at Austin. 159 pp.
Barsbold, 1976. K evolyutsii i sistematike pozdnemezozoyskikh khishchnykh dinozavrov. In Kramarenko, Luvsandansan, Voronin, Barsbold, Rozhdestvensky, Trofimov and Reshetov (eds.). Paleontology and Biostratigraphy of Mongolia. The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, Transactions. 3, 68-75.
Horner, 1979. Upper Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Bearpaw Shale (marine) of south-central Montana with a checklist of Upper Cretaceous dinosaur remains from marine sediments in North America. Journal of Paleontology. 53(3), 566-577.
Baird, 1986. Upper Cretaceous reptiles from the Severn Formation of Maryland. The Mosasaur. 3, 63-85.
Osmólska, 1997. Ornithomimosauria. In Currie and Padian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press. 499-503.
Sereno, 1998. A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen. 210(1), 41-83.
Padian, Hutchinson and Holtz, 1999. Phylogenetic definitions and nomenclature of the major taxonomic categories of the carnivorous Dinosauria (Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19(1), 69-80.
Sereno, 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science. 284, 2137-2147.
Makovicky, Kobayashi and Currie, 2004. Ornithomimosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 137-150.
Currie, Longrich, Ryan, Eberth and Demchig, 2008. A bonebed of Avimimus sp. (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation, Gobi desert: Insights into social behavior and development in a maniraptoran theropod. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28(3), 67A.
Hu, Hou, Zhang and Xu, 2009. A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus. Nature. 461, 640-643.
Senter, 2011. Using creation science to demonstrate evolution 2: Morphological continuity within Dinosauria. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 24(10), 2197-2216.
Cuff and Rayfield, 2012. Functional mechanics of ornithomimosaur crania compared to other theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2012, 82.
Cuff, 2013. Functional mechanics of ornithomimosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2013, 110.
Cuff, 2014. The functional mechanics of ornithomimosaur and theropod crania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2014, 115.
Lee, Barsbold, Currie, Kobayashi, Lee, Godefroit, Escuillie and Tsogtbaatar, 2014. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature. 515, 257-260.
McFeeters, Ryan, Evans and Schroder-Adams, 2014. Reassessment of ornithomimid material from the Milk River Formation and lower Belly River Group of Canada with implications for ornithomimosaur paleobiogeography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2014, 184.
Alifanov and Saveliev, 2015. The most ancient ornithomimosaur (Theropoda, Dinosauria), with cover imprints from the Upper Jurassic of Russia. Paleontological Journal. 49(6), 636-650.
Funston, Currie, Eberth, Ryan, Chinzorig, Badamgarav and Longrich, 2016. The first oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) bonebed: Evidence of gregarious behaviour in a maniraptoran theropod. Scientific Reports. 6:35782.
Brownstein, 2017. A tyrannosauroid metatarsus from the Merchantville Formation of New Jersey increases the diversity of non-tyrannosaurid tyrannosauroids on Appalachia. PeerJ Preprints. 5:e3097v3.
Sereno, 2017. Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Africa. Ameghiniana. 54, 576-616.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

"Sanchusaurus" Hisa, 1985
Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Lower Member of the Sebayashi Formation, Japan
Material- (GMNH-PV-028; Sanchu-ryu) (~7 m) first or second sacral centrum (110 mm)
Comments- This specimen was discovered in 1981 or 1982, and reported as a caudal centrum nearly identical to Gallimimus by Hasegawa et al. (1984). They nicknamed the specimen Sanchu-ryu, which was inappropriately made into the nomen nudum "Sanchusaurus" by Hisa (1985) in an illustrated Japanese booklet. Hasegawa et al. (1999) later described the centrum in detail as a thirteenth dorsal vertebra, based on comparison to Gallimimus. Yet the thirteenth dorsal vertebra as identified by Osmólska et al. (1987) is recognized as the first sacral vertebra by most modern workers, making "Sanchusaurus"' vertebra a sacral instead. The lateral fossae indicate this is an ornithomimosaur, as only they and Avimimus are known to have the feature among non-avian theropods. Avimimus differs in having either convex or concave ventral surfaces on its anterior sacrals. Though stated by Hasegawa et al. (1984, 1999) as being nearly identical to Gallimimus' first sacral, several differences are apparent. The anterior width is ~107% of its height, compared with ~80% in Gallimimus. "Sanchusaurus"' centrum is deeply amphicoelous, while Gallimimus' is slightly amphiplatyan. Finally, the centrum of "Sanchusaurus" seems more markedly constricted ventrally than Gallimimus'. According to Makovicky's description of Dromiceiomimus, it resembles a second sacral centrum more in having a lateral fossa, wider dimensions and ventral flattening. Shenzhousaurus' first sacral centrum (homologous to the second in Gallimimus and Dromiceiomimus) has a highly constricted ventral edge as in "Sanchusaurus". It is not a posterior sacral, as it lacks a ventral sulcus. Thus "Sanchusaurus" seems to be represented by a centrum homologous to the ancestral neotheropod first sacral centrum and the ornithomimid second sacral centrum. It is indeterminate within Ornithomimosauria.
References- Osmólska, Roniewicz and Barsbold, 1972. A new dinosaur Gallimimus bullatus, n. gen. n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologica. Polonica. 27, 103-143.
Hasegawa, Kase and Nakajima, 1984. A large vertebrate fossil from the Sanchu Graben. Abstracts of the 91st Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan. 219.
Hisa, 1985. [title unknown] Utan Scientific Magazine. 4, 24.
Hasegawa, Manabe, Kase, Nakajima and Takakuwa, 1999. An ornithomimid vertebra from the Early Cretaceous Sebayashi Formation, Sanchu Terrane, Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History. 3, 1-6.

undescribed possible Ornithomimosauria (Britt, Eberth, Scheetz and Greenhalgh, 2004)
Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, US
Material- (BYU 19114) (<4 m, adult) partial skeleton including frontal, occiput, dentary, tooth (4 mm), three cervical vertebrae, proximal caudal vertebrae, distal caudal vertebrae, distal chevrons, scapula, humerus, radius, ilium, tibia, fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsal II (293 mm), metatarsal III (321 mm), metatarsal IV (314 mm) (Scheetz, Britt, Scheetz, Rauhut and Chure, 2010)
(BYU coll.) postorbital, cervical vertebra (Turner et al., 2012)
three individuals (Britt et al., 2004)
Comments- Britt et al. (2004) listed three individuals as Ornithomimosauria indet..
Scheetz et al. (2010) commented on a new ornithomimosaur-like taxon represented by one individual. This has a large orbit, a large number of small dentary teeth with constricted roots, camellate cervicals with elongate (2.3 times longer than tall) slightly amphicoelous centra and low elongate neural spines, strongly posteriorly angled proximal caudal transverse processes, distal caudals with centra wider than tall and prezygapophyses nearly 50% of central length, skid-like distal chevrons, a broad scapula, straight humerus, radiohumeral ratio of 75%, large supracetabular crest, fibula-calcaneum articulation, moderately tall ascending process, metatarsotibial ratio of 60% and non-arctometatarsalian metatarsus. While their phylogenetic analysis found it to be a basal coelurosaur convergent with ornithomimosaurs, it is listed here pending the description given the other supposed Yellow Mountain ornithomimosaurs and taxa like Nqwebasaurus that have varied in position between those alternatives. Hunt and Quinn (2018) cite Scheetz et al.'s (2010) specimen as BYU 19114, an adult supposedly similar to Nedcolbertia and currently being prepared (Britt pers. comm. 2016 to Hunt and Quinn). They provide metatarsal lengths.
Turner et al. (2012) noted a postorbital tentatively referred to Ornithomimidae, and a cervical claimed to be ornithomimid-like due to its elongation and strongly opisthocoelous centrum. As ornithomimosaurs have amphicoelous to amphiplatyan cervicals, this latter claim is confusing. Turner et al. also propose the possible Utahraptor ischium BYU 10978 may be ornithomimid based on the proximally placed obturator process, lack of a lateral ridge, rodlike shaft and semicircular proximolateral scar.
References- Britt, Eberth, Scheetz and Greenhalgh, 2004. Taphonomy of the Dalton Wells dinosaur quarry (Cedar Mountain Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Utah). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24(3), 153A-154A.
Scheetz, Britt, Scheetz, Rauhut and Chure, 2010. An ornithomimid-like basal coelurosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2010, 158A.
Turner, Makovicky and Norell, 2012. A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 371, 1-206.
Hunt and Quinn, 2018. A new ornithomimosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group of Arkansas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38(1), e1421209.

unnamed possible Ornithomimosauria (Ostrom, 1970)
Mid-Late Albian, Early Cretaceous
Himes Member, Cloverly Formation, Montana, US
Material- (YPM 5286) incomplete pedal ungual (~35 mm)
Mid-Late Albian, Early Cretaceous
Himes Member, Cloverly Formation, Wyoming, US
(YPM 5174) incomplete metatarsal II (~290 mm)
(YPM 5284) incomplete metatarsal IV (~235 mm)
Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous
Cloverly Formation, Montana, US
(AMNH 811) two vertebrae, two phalanges, fragments (AMNH online)
(AMNH 21556) phalanx (AMNH online)
Comments- Ostrom (1970) referred these to Ornithomimus sp. based on being supposedly virtually indistinguishable from O. velox, though he did note the ungual was not identical to ornithomimids'. However, Holtz (1992) noted the metatarsals were more robust than ornithomimids', that there are no facets or buttresses for a wedge-shaped metatarsal III, and that metatarsal II resembled Allosaurus and Ornitholestes posteriorly more than it does ornithomimids. Indeed, judging by Ostrom's figure, metatarsal II differs from Ornithomimus in having a less ventrally oriented medial condyle and more proximally placed ventral convexity, while metatarsal IV lacks the marked posterior buttress and has more transversely expanded condyles. The pedal ungual has a more developed posterodorsal process, more obvious side grooves, and less developed side flanges. It resembles Dromiceiomimus in these characters except for the side flange development. Even basal ornithomimosaurs like Harpymimus, Garudimimus and Beishanlong seem more like ornithomimids in having distally placed ventral convexity on metatarsal II and less expanded distal condyles on metatarsal IV, so the metatarsals may be from a taxon like Nedcolbertia, Microvenator or another coelurosaur. The ungual does resemble those of ornithomimids, but not those of basal ornithomimosaurs. The specimens did not belong to the same individuals, and may be from different taxa as well. Hunt and Quinn (2018) state these specimens "have more similarities to Ornithomimus velox than to Nedcolbertia or Arkansaurus and will be discussed in greater detail in the future (Hunt-Foster and Kirkland, in prep.)."
Ostrom (1970) lists "?Ornithomimus sp. (AMNH uncatalogd)" from two sites in Big Horn County, Montana, stating "no precise location can be given" and that "Brown simply recorded it as "Beauvais Creek"." The AMNH online database has two entries for Saurischia (AMNH 811, 21556) from Beauvais Creek, at least the former collected by Brown. These are tentatively accepted as Ostrom's then uncatalogd specimens, one of which is listed by him as "fragment of a proximal pedal phalanx."
References- Ostrom, 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana. Peabody Museum Bulletin. 35, 234 pp.
Holtz, 1992. An unusual structure of the metatarsus of Theropoda (Archosauria: Dinosauria: Saurischia) of the Cretaceous. PhD Thesis, Yale University. 347 pp.
Hunt and Quinn, 2018. A new ornithomimosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group of Arkansas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38(1), e1421209.

undescribed possible ornithomimosaur (Pereda-Suberbiola, Asibia, Murelaga, Elzorza and Gomez-Alday, 2000)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Laño, Sedano Formation, Spain
Material- (MCNA coll.) pedal ungual
Comments- Pereda-Suberbiola et al. (2000) listed Ornithomimosauria indet. as present in the Laño Quarry, which would be unique for Late Cretaceous Europe, but the material has not been described. Isasmendi (pers. comm. 2020) states the material is a pedal ungual.
Reference- Pereda-Suberbiola, Asibia, Murelaga, Elzorza and Gomez-Alday, 2000. Taphonomy of the Late Cretaceous dinosaur-bearing beds of the Laño Quarry (Iberian Peninsula). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 157, 247-275.

unnamed ornithomimosaurian (Nessov, 1995)
Late Barremian-Mid Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Mogoito Member of Murtoi Formation, Russia
Material- (ZIN PH 1/13) (subadult?) femur
Comments- This femur was mentioned by Nessov (1995) as ornithomimosaurian or oviraptorosaurian, and described and illustrated by Averianov et al. (2003). It differs from Archaeornithomimus asiaticus in having a curved shaft, more inclined femoral head, and more distinct accessory trochanter. It differs from Archaeornithomimus? bissektensis in having a more proximally placed fourth trochanter and an accessory trochanter.
References- Nessov, 1995. Dinosaurs of northern Eurasia: New data about assemblages, ecology, and paleobiogeography. Institute for Scientific Research on the Earth's Crust, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 1-156.
Averianov, Starkov and Skutschas, 2003. Dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Murtoi Formation in Buryatia, Eastern Russia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23(3), 586-594.

undescribed Ornithomimosauria (Maleev, 1954)
Early Cretaceous
Oosh Formation, Mongolia
Reference- Maleev, 1954. Pantsyrnye dinosavry verchnego mela Mongolii (Semeustvo Syrmosauridae). Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiy Nauk SSSR. 48, 142-170.

unnamed possible ornithomimosaur (Benson, Rich, Vickers-Rich and Hall, 2012)
Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Wonthoggi Formation of the Strzelecki Group, Victoria, Australia
Material- (NMV P186168) incomplete ?ninth caudal vertebra (50 mm)
Comments- Reports of ornithomimosaur vertebrae from Early Cretaceous Victoria began with Rich and Vickers-Rich (1994) mentioning "a number of vertebrae" in their description of Timimus as a member of that clade. Currie et al. (1996) also mention ornithomimosaur vertebrae from the Otway and Strzelecki Groups. While at least sixteen vertebrae are known from these groups, only one was considered by Benson et al. (2012) to be similar to ornithomimosaurs- NMV P186168, a proximal caudal. The elongate centrum, proplatyan articular ends and anteroposteriorly elongate transverse process were considered ornithomimosaur-like. Novas et al. (2013) argued these characters were also present in ceratosaurs, questioning Benson et al.'s identification. Which additional vertebrae earlier authors had in mind as ornithomimosaurian is unknown.
References- Rich and Vickers-Rich, 1994. Neoceratopsians and ornithomimosaurs: Dinosaurs of Gondwana origins? National Geographic Research. 10(1), 129-131.
Currie, Vickers-Rich and Rich, 1996. Possible oviraptorosaur (Theropoda, Dinosauria) specimens from the Early Cretaceous Otway Group of Dinosaur Cove, Australia. Alcheringa. 20(1-2), 73-79.
Benson, Rich, Vickers-Rich and Hall, 2012. Theropod fauna from Southern Australia indicates high polar diversity and climate-driven dinosaur provinciality. PLoS ONE. 7(5), e37122.
Novas, Agnolin, Ezcurra, Porfiri and Canale, 2013. Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia. Cretaceous Research. 45, 174-215.

Arkansaurus Hunt and Quinn, 2018
= "Arkansaurus" Sattler, 1983
A. fridayi Hunt and Quinn, 2018
= "Arkansaurus fridayi" Braden, 1998
Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous
Trinity Group, Arkansas, US
Holotype- (UAM 74-16) metatarsal II (367 mm), phalanx II-1 (102 mm), metatarsal III (397 mm), phalanx III-1 (91 mm), phalanx III-2 (71 mm), metatarsal IV (365 mm), phalanx IV-1 (62 mm), three partial pedal unguals
Diagnosis- (after Hunt and Quinn, 2018) third metatarsal laterally compressed proximally but still visible along entire extensor surface; combination of- long slender metatarsus; proximal articular facets of metatarsals ovoid in shape; pedal unguals more strongly ventrally curved distally than any other ornithomimosaur; distal ungual has very weak flexor tubercle, is curved and not flat, and does not have mediolateral spurs.
Comments- Discovered in 1972, this pes was known through abstracts and the popular literature until being described and illustrated in detail by Hunt (2003). For instance, Pittman (1989) wrote "A foot of an ornithomimid, not yet described, was recovered from Lower Cretaceous sandstone in Arkansas (Dan Chure pers. comm.)." Hunt and Quinn (2018) finally named the taxon officially and published an additional description. A partial dorsal vertebra, caudal vertebra, scapular fragment and femoral fragment are also known from the Trinity Group, but were not associated with the specimen.
Quinn (1973) states their new taxon is most closely related to Ornithomimus, while Hunt (2003) proposes a coelurosaur identification perhaps closer to Archaeornithomimus than Harpymimus. Hunt and Quinn (2018) believed Arkansaurus to be an ornithomimosaur most similar to Nedcolbertia.
References- Quinn, 1973. Arkansas dinosaur. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program. 5, 276-277.
Sattler, 1983. The Illustrated Dinosaur Dictionary. Lothrop, Lee, and Shepard Books. 315 pp.
Pittman, 1989. Stratigraphy, lithology, depositional environment, and track type of dinosaur track-bearing beds of the Gulf coastal plain. In Gillette and Lockley (eds.). Dinosaur Tracks and Traces. Cambridge University Press. 135-153.
Braden, 1998. The Arkansas dinosaur "Arkansaurus fridayi". Arkansas Geological Commission. 6 pp.
Kirkland, Britt, Whittle, Madsen and Burge, 1998. A small coelurosaurian theropod from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of eastern Utah. In Lucas, Kirkland and Estep (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 14, 239-248.
Hunt, 2002. An Early Cretaceous theropod foot from southwestern Arkansas as a possible track maker in central Texas and southwestern Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3), 68A.
Hunt, 2003. An Early Cretaceous theropod foot from southwestern Arkansas. Proceedings Journal of the 2003 Arkansas Undergraduate Research Conference. 87-103.
Hunt and Quinn, 2018. A new ornithomimosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group of Arkansas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38(1), e1421209.
Rothschild and Lambert, 2021 (online 2019): First documentation of a greenstick fracture in the fossil record. Possible gout also noted in Arkansaurus fridayii. Historical Biology. 33(9), 1349-1351.

Nedcolbertia Kirkland, Britt, Whittle, Madsen and Burge, 1998
= "Nedcolbertia" Anonymous, 1996
N. justinhofmanni Kirkland, Britt, Whittle, Madsen and Burge 1998
= "Nedcolbertia whittlei" Anonymous, 1996
= "Nedcobertia justinhofmanni" Anonymous, 1998
Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, US
Holotype- (CEUM 5071) (1.5 m; juvenile) fifth sacral vertebra (~26 mm), eleven partial or complete caudal vertebrae, distal humerus, partial pubis, ischial fragments, proximal femora, distal femur (~141 mm), tibiae (198 mm), proximal fibula, distal fibulae, partial astragali, calcanea, metatarsal II (~108 mm), metatarsal III (~116 mm), metatarsal IV (~112 mm), proximal and distal metatarsus, over fourteen pedal phalanges, six pedal unguals
Paratypes- (CEUM 5072) (3 m) dorsal vertebral fragments, several caudal vertebral fragments, four manual phalanges, partial manual ungual I, partial manual ungual II, ilial fragments, pubic fragments, distal pubis, proximal femora, proximal and distal tibia, proximal fibulae, astragalar fragments, proximal and distal metatarsals, several partial and complete pedal phalanges, five partial pedal unguals
(CEUM 5073) (3 m) few complete caudal centra (prox ~48 mm), caudal central fragments, caudal neural arch fragments, several proximal chevrons, coracoid fragments, proximal humerus
Comments- This was originally announced in an abstract by Kirkland et al. (1995), then mentioned in a 1996 news report as "Nedcolbertia whittlei". Kirkland (1996) listed it as "small coelurosaurid cf. Ornitholestes n. gen." in an abstract. The species name was changed to "justinhofmanni" in January 1998 due to 6 year old Justin Hofmann winning a contest sponsored by Discover Card. It wasn't officially named N. justinhofmanni until October of that year (Kirkland et al., 1998). Brusatte (2013) notes Nedcolbertia is under study by himself and that a redescription is going to be published.
Nedcolbertia was initially described as a "basal coelurosaur near Compsognathus and Ornitholestes" and was recovered as a coelurosaur outside Tyrannoraptora by Holtz et al. (2004) and Dal Sasso and Maganuco (2011). More recently, Brownstein (2017) found "Nedcolbertia shares several synapomorphies with ornithomimosaurs and ornithomimids in having anteroposteriorly shortened phalanges from pedal digit IV, the ventral surfaces of the pedal ungual flattened in lateral view, being triangular in proximal view, having ventrolateral and ventromedial edges developed into keels, and having a flexor fossa on the proximal end of the ventral surface of its pedal unguals", and Hunt and Quinn (2018) stated "upon reexamination of the material for this study, the Nedcolbertia specimens are definitively basal ornithomimosaurs, possessing the trademark subarctometatarsalian condition, as well as other basal ornithomimosaur synapomorphies (Hunt-Foster and Kirkland, in prep)."
References- Kirkland, Britt, Madsen and Burge, 1995. A small theropod from the basal Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of eastern Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15(3), 39A.
Anonymous, 1996. [title unknown] Paleo Horizons. 2(2), 2.
Anonymous, 1998. Young Dino-Whiz has New Dinosaur Named in His Honor. PRNewswire. Jan. 6.
Kirkland, 1996. Biogeography of Western North America's Mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas: Losing European ties and the first great Asian-North American interchange. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(3), 45A.
Kirkland, Britt, Whittle, Madsen and Burge, 1998. A small coelurosaurian theropod from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of eastern Utah. In Lucas, Kirkland and Estep (eds.). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 14, 239-248.
Holtz, Molnar and Currie, 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 71-110.
Dal Sasso and Maganuco, 2011. Scipionyx samniticus (Theropoda: Compsognathidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Italy: Osteology, ontogenetic assessment, phylogeny, soft tissue anatomy, taphonomy, and palaeobiology. Memorie della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. 281 pp.
Brusatte, 2013. The phylogeny of basal coelurosaurian theropods (Archosauria: Dinosauria) and patterns of morphological evolution during the dinosaur-bird transition. PhD thesis, Columbia University. 944 pp.
Brownstein, 2017. Redescription of Arundel Clay ornithomimosaur material and a reinterpretation of Nedcolbertia justinhofmanni as an "ostrich dinosaur": Biogeographic implications. PeerJ 5:e3110.
Hunt and Quinn, 2018. A new ornithomimosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group of Arkansas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38(1), e1421209.
Hunt-Foster and Kirkland, in prep.

unnamed possible ornithomimosaur (Naish, 2000)
Berriasian-Valanginian, Early Cretaceous
Hastings Beds, England
Material- (NHMUK R36539) distal femur
Comments- Naish (2000) referred to this femur as cf. Nedcolbertia, but later merely to Tetanurae indet..
References- Naish, 2000. A small, unusual theropod (Dinosauria) femur from the Wealden Group (Lower Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight, England. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte. 2000, 217-234.
Naish, 2011. Theropod dinosaurs. In Batten (ed.). English Wealden Fossils. The Palaeontological Association. 526-559.

Ornithomimoidea sensu Hendrickx, Mateus, Araújo and Choiniere, 2019
Definition- (Deinocheirus mirificus + Ornithomimus velox)
Reference- Hendrickx, Mateus, Araújo and Choiniere, 2019. The distribution of dental features in non-avian theropod dinosaurs: Taxonomic potential, degree of homoplasy, and major evolutionary trends. Palaeontologia Electronica. 22.3.74, 1-110.

Deinocheiridae Osmólska and Roniewicz, 1970
Definition- (Deinocheirus mirificus <- Ornithomimus velox) (Lee et al., 2014)
Comments- This family was originally monotypic and generally unused in the modern era until Lee et al. (2014) found Garudimimus and Beishanlong to group closer to Deinocheirus than Ornithomimus once nearly complete skeletons were described. Cau's (online, 2014) more extensive unpublished analysis found Beishanlong, Datanglong, "Grusimimus" and the Angeac supposed ornithomimosaur to be deinocheirids, while Garudimimus was closer to Ornithomimus.
References- Osmólska and Roniewicz, 1970. Deinocheiridae, a new family of theropod dinosaurs. Palaeontologica Polonica. 21, 5-19.
Cau, online 2014. http://theropoda.blogspot.com/2014/10/deinocheirus-revolution-episodio-4.html
Lee, Barsbold, Currie, Kobayashi, Lee, Godefroit, Escuillie and Tsogtbaatar, 2014. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature. 515, 257-260.

Deinocheirus Osmólska and Roniewicz, 1970
D. mirificus Osmólska and Roniewicz, 1970
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Altan Uul III, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM 100/18; = ZPAL MgD-I/6) (10.4 m; 4.5 tons) three vertebral fragments, six partial dorsal ribs, gastralia fragments, incomplete scapulocoracoids (1.53, 1.53 m), posterolateral sternal processes, humeri (938 mm), radii (630, 630 mm), ulnae (688 mm), metacarpals I (214, 220 mm), phalanges I-1 (320, 320 mm), manual ungual I, metacarpals II (230 mm), phalanges II-1 (140, 140 mm), phalanges II-2 (226, 229 mm), manual ungual II (196 mm), metacarpals III (246, 245 mm), phalanges III-1 (110, 105 mm), phalanges III-2 (104, 100 mm), phalanges III-3 (186, 182 mm), manual ungual III, material
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Bugin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Referred- (IGM 100/127) (11 m; 5.36 tons) skull (1.062 m), sclerotic ring, mandibles (975 mm), atlantal intercentrum (28 mm), atlantal neurapophysis, partial axis (~120 mm), third cervical vertebra fused to partial cervical rib (168 mm), fourth cervical vertebra fused to cervical ribs (188 mm, rib 270 mm), fifth cervical vertebra fused to cervical rib (210 mm, rib 224 mm), sixth cervical vertebra fused to cervical rib (220 mm, rib 180 mm), seventh cervical vertebra fused to cervical ribs (203 mm, rib 153 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (236 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (230 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (240 mm), tenth cervical rib (~130 mm), first dorsal vertebra (205 mm), second dorsal vertebra (188 mm), third dorsal vertebra (170 mm), incomplete fourth dorsal vertebra, incomplete twefth dorsal vertebra (178 mm), nine dorsal ribs (eight partial; ~1.36 m), incomplete sacrum (190, 180, 210, 210, 230 mm), first caudal vertebra (174.5 mm), second caudal vertebra (185 mm), third caudal vertebra (183.5 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (175.5 mm), incomplete fifth caudal vertebra (177 mm), incomplete sixth caudal vertebra (175.5 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (175.5 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (171 mm), incomplete ninth caudal vertebra (171 mm), partial tenth caudal vertebra (169.5 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (164 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (165 mm), few distal caudal vertebrae, eighth chevron (240 mm), four fragmentary chevrons, incomplete scapulocoracoids, partial furcula, humerus (993 mm), radius (655 mm), ulna (670 mm), distal carpal I, distal carpal II, distal carpal III, proximal metacarpal I, proximal metacarpal II, proximal metacarpal III, partial ilia (1.33 m), pubes (1.14 m), ischia (1.11 m), femora (one incomplete; 1.32 m), tibiotarsi (1.18 m), fibulae (1.03 m), distal tarsals III, distal tarsals IV, metatarsals II (497, 517 mm), phalanges II-1 (207, 196 mm), phalanx II-2 (105 mm), pedal unguals II (one incomplete; 172 mm), metatarsals III (600, 660 mm), phalanges III-1 (163, 163 mm), phalanges III-2 (10, 111.6 0 mm), phalanges III-3 (85, 88.6 mm), pedal unguals III (149, 146 mm), metatarsals IV (553, 545 mm), phalanges IV-1 (137, 138.1 mm), phalanges IV-2 (82, 89.2 mm), phalanges IV-3 (73.5, 61.4 mm), phalanges IV-4 (66.1, 67.2 mm), pedal unguals IV (one incomplete; 152 mm), >1400 gastroliths (8-87 mm), fish vertebrae and scales (Lee et al., 2013; described in Lee et al., 2014)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Altan Uul III, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(IGM coll.) manual phalanges (Watabe, Tsogtbaatar, Suzuki and Saneyoshi, 2010)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(IGM 100/128) (8.2 m; 2.2 tons; subadult) fragmentary third dorsal vertebra, partial fourth dorsal vertebra (110.5 mm), partial fifth dorsal vertebra (106 mm), partial sixth dorsal vertebra (110 mm), incomplete seventh dorsal vertebra (121.5 mm), incomplete eighth dorsal vertebra (123 mm), incomplete ninth dorsal vertebra (128 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (125 mm), incomplete eleventh dorsal vertebra (129.5 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (129.5 mm), two partial dorsal ribs, incomplete sacrum (135, 130, 165, 155, 170, 160 mm), sacral rib, first caudal vertebra (122.5 mm), incomplete second caudal vertebra (123.5 mm), partial third caudal vertebra (123 mm), partial fourth caudal vertebra, fifth caudal centrum (118 mm), sixth caudal centrum, seventh caudal centrum (118.5 mm), partial eighth caudal centrum (117.5 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (118 mm), incomplete tenth caudal vertebra (118 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (120 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (114 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (111.5 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (108 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (106 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (107 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (105.5 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (103 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (100 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (~94 mm), twenty-first caudal vertebra ( 90mm), twenty-second caudal centrum, twenty-third caudal centrum, twenty-fourth caudal centrum (75 mm), twenty-fifth caudal centrum (67.5 mm), twenty-sixth caudal centrum (64 mm), twenty-seventh caudal centrum (58 mm), six chevrons (122.5, 120, 107, 100, 94.5, 77 mm), six partial chevrons, partial pygostyle, incomplete ilia (900 mm), proximal pubis, incomplete ischia, femur (980 mm), incomplete tibia (~845 mm), incomplete fibula (~770 mm), astragalus, calcaneum (Lee et al., 2013; described in Lee et al., 2014)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(ZPAL coll.) incomplete ulna (~720 mm) (Singer pers. comm. to Ziegler, 2017 online)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Nemegt Formation ?, Mongolia
?(ZPAL MgD-I/64) (ZPAL online)
Diagnosis- (after Osmólska and Roniewicz, 1970) scapula long and slender; coracoid large; forelimbs long and slender; humerus straight, twisted, with pronounced, triangular deltopectoral crest; length of humerus ~75% of scapula; radius slightly longer than half humeral length; manus only slightly shorter than humerus, with three equally developed digits terminated in claws; metacarpus comparatively long; digits long.
(after Lee et al., 2013) extreme pneumaticity of tall, anterodorsally oriented posterior dorsal neural spines (7-8 times taller than centrum height) with basal webbing; ventrally keeled posterior sacral centra; fused second-sixth sacral neural spines forming midline plate of bone that extends dorsally up to 170% height of ilium; steeply raised anterior dorsal margin of ilium; well-developed iliotibialis flange; posterodorsally projecting postacetabular process with concave dorsal margin; anteriorly inclined brevis shelf; vertically well-separated iliac blades above sacrum; completely enclosed obturator foramen on pubis; triangular pubic boot in distal view; vertical ridges on anterior and posterior edges of medial surface of the femoral head; robust femur that is longer than tibiotarsus.
(after Lee et al., 2014) snout seven times longer than orbit; external nares oriented dorsally; anterior part of premaxilla transversely expanded and spatulate (wider than skull roof); wide sulcus from the anterolateral corner of external naris extends to posterolateral corner of ventral margin of premaxilla; antorbital fossa sharply demarcated by keel-like horizontal ridge on lateral side of maxilla; maxillary palatal shelf extends ventromedially; jugal ramus of lacrimal strongly sloping anteroventrally; extensive ventral flange below infratemporal fenestra formed by jugal and quadratojugal; large paraquadrate fenestra, about 30% the height of the quadrate; posterolaterally-facing supratemporal fenestra; reduced infratemporal fenestra less than half height of orbit; vomerine process of palatine longer than antorbital fenestra; deep mandible (maximum height of mandible/quadrate height = 1.08); posterior dorsal neural spines with anteroposteriorly expanded distal ends; pronounced hypapophyses and no ventral keels in anterior dorsal vertebrae; anterolaterally projecting parapophyses of posterior dorsal vertebrae; pleurocoels in all dorsal vertebrae; sacral neural spinespneumatic; pygostyle formed of at least two caudals; U-shaped furcula with hypocleidium; fused scapulocoracoid; subquadrangular coracoid with ventrally extended blade and unexpanded subglenoid fossa; manual digit I has larger ungual than other manual digits; flexor tubercle of ungual 1/3 taller than articular facet height; preacetabular process shorter than postacetabular process; ventrally rounded iliotibialis flange; steep anterodorsal margin of the ilium; long pubic boot (ratio more than 0.44 to length of pubic shaft); femoral head directed anteromedially to femur shaft; long fibular crest extends to midshaft of tibia; posterior portion of proximal fibula mediolaterally wider than anterior portion in proximal view; tibiotarsus developed; ascending process of astragalus slightly offset from astragalar body; wide, blunt tips of pedal unguals.
Comments- Kielan-Jaworowska and Dovchin (1968) report the holotype was found on June 9 1965- "Kielan-Jaworowska found at Altan Via III complete forelimbs and shoulder girdle of enormous size (limbs 2.5 m long) of an unknown carnivorous dinosaur, belonging evidently to a new family of theropod dinosaurs." On an earlier version of ZPAL's website, MgD-I/64 was listed as Deinocheirus sp.. Now it is listed as Theropoda indet.. The Deinocheirus entry on Encyklopedia Dinozaury.com states (translated) "The collection of the Faculty of Geology of the University of Warsaw includes an almost complete Deinocheirus ulna (Tomasz Singer, private message to the MZ [Maciej Ziegler])." Shahen (pers. comm. 5-2023) indicates this element is from the Nemegt Formation and is ~700 mm long, estimated at ~720 mm when complete. Under their discussion of Altan Uul III, Watabe et al. (2010) state "the JMJPE found additional isolated bones of digits of forelimbs of the animal." Ryan (online 2008) notes he and Currie relocated the holotype quarry and collected more of the skeleton, though this remains undescribed. Kielan-Jaworowska (1966) originally identified the holotype as Megalosauridae indet. before it was named and described by Osmólska and Roniewicz (1970) as a megalosauroid carnosaur. The supposed hyoids described by Osmólska and Roniewicz resemble the sternal processes of Struthiomimus more, so are reidentified as such here. In an addendum to Palaeontologica Polonica volume 21, it is stated "due to a new agreement between the Palaeozoological Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Mongolian People's Republic, two of the specimens, described in the present volume, as housed in the Palaeozoological Institute in Warsaw, are now housed in the Geological Institute in UIan Bator", with one being the Deinocheirus holotype.
While only known from the holotype forelimbs and axial fragments for decades, Lee et al. (2013) reported two new partial skeletons found in 2006 and 2009. The skull and pes of IGM 100/127 had been previously collected (after 2002) and privately owned until acquired and donated to the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, then repatriated to the Central Dinosaur Museum in 2014.
Kobayashi and Barsbold (2006) and Senter (2007) both found the holotype to be a basal ornithomimosaur when added to versions of the TWG matrix, which is similar to what Makovicky et al. (2004) suggested without including it in their analysis. Lee et al. (2014) included Deinocheirus in Choiniere's Nqwebasaurus analysis based on the new specimens and found it to be an ornithomimosaur most closely related to Garudimimus and Beishanlong, so more derived than other recent proposals. However, Hartman et al. (2019) recovered it in its standard basal position, requiring 14 steps to move to Garudimimidae. Only 4 steps move it in a clade with other toothless ornithomimosaurs however.
References- Kielan-Jaworowska, 1966. Third (1965) Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition to the Gobi Desert and western Mongolia. Bulletin de l'Academie Polonaise des Sciences. 14(4), 249-252.
Kielan-Jaworowska and Dovchin, 1968. Narrative of the Polish-Mongolian palaeontological expeditions 1963-1965. Palaeontologia Polonica. 19, 7-30.
Osmólska and Roniewicz, 1970. Deinocheiridae, a new family of theropod dinosaurs. Palaeontologica Polonica. 21, 5-19.
Makovicky, Kobayashi and Currie, 2004. Ornithomimosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 137-150.
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2006. Ornithomimids from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. 22(1), 195-207.
Kobayashi, Bronowicz and Barsbold, 2007. Ornithomimids (Theropoda: Dinosauria) from the Nemegt Formation (Maastrichtian) of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 100A.
Senter, 2007. A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5(4), 429-463.
Ryan, online 2008. http://palaeoblog.blogspot.com/2008/11/gobi-2008-deinocheirus.html
Watabe, Tsogtbaatar, Suzuki and Saneyoshi, 2010. Geology of dinosaur-fossil-bearing localities (Jurassic and Cretaceous: Mesozoic) in the Gobi Desert: Results of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 41-118.
Lee, Barsbold, Currie, Kobayashi and Lee, 2013. New specimens of Deinocheirus mirificus from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2013, 161.
Lauters, Lee, Barsbold, Currie, Kobayashi, Escuillie and Godefroit, 2014. The brain of Deinocheirus mirificus, a gigantic ornithomimosaurian dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2014, 166.
Lee, Barsbold, Currie, Kobayashi, Lee, Godefroit, Escuillie and Tsogtbaatar, 2014. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature. 515, 257-260.
Encyklopedia Dinozaury.com, 2017 online. https://www.encyklopedia.dinozaury.com/wiki/Deinocheirus
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

undescribed possible deinocheirid (Suzuki, Watabe and Tsogtbaatar, 2010)
Cenomanian-Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Amtgai North, Baynshiren Formation, Mongolia
Material- (040802 AMG-N Tsui) ulna (nearly 1 m)
Comments- Suzuki et al. (2010) state "The long ulna was found in the northern badlands of Amtgai, northeast of Shar Tsav. There is possibility that the ulna is of an ornithomimid taxon genus Deinocheirus that was known from the Nemegt beds in Altan Ula of south Gobi region." Yet being much earlier than the Nemegt Formation, this is unlikely to be Deinocheirus itself. With a "total length nearly 1m", this would also be larger than known Deinocheirus specimens (IGM 100/18 688 mm, IGM 100/127 670 mm).
Reference- Suzuki, Watabe and Tsogtbaatar, 2010. Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2004. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 1-9.

Hexing qingyi Jin, Chen and Godefroit, 2012
Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Lujiatun Beds of Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China
Holotype- (JLUM-JZ07b1) (adult) skull (136 mm), mandible (115 mm), five cervical vertebrae (one partial), scapulocoracoids (scapula ~104 mm), humerus (~90 mm), radius (~76 mm), ulna (81 mm), phalanx I-1 (33 mm), manual ungual I (22 mm), metacarpal II, phalanx II-1 (25 mm), phalanx II-2 (26 mm), manual ungual II (23 mm), metacarpal III, phalanx III-1 (23 mm), phalanx III-2 (24 mm), manual ungual III (18 mm), femur (135 mm), tibiofibulotarsus, metatarsal I, phalanx I-1 (23 mm), pedal ungual I (21 mm), metatarsal II (86 mm), phalanx II-1 (22 mm), phalanx II-2 (18 mm), pedal ungual II (20 mm), metatarsal III (84 mm), phalanx III-1 (18 mm), phalanx III-2 (16 mm), phalanx III-3 (15 mm), pedal ungual III (16 mm), metatarsal IV (~79 mm), phalanx IV-1 (13.5 mm), phalanx IV-2 (13 mm), phalanx IV-3 (12 mm), phalanx IV-4 (12 mm), pedal ungual IV (16 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Jin et al., 2012) anterior portion of premaxilla deflected ventrally in front of mandible, so that its oral surface is level with the ventral border of dentary; sagittal crest on parietal; pendant paroccipital processes that extend ventrally below the level of the foramen magnum; fenestra on lateral surface of mid dentary (taphonomic?); only three phalanges on manual digit III (incorrectly listed as IV by Jin et al.); tibiotarsus/femur length ratio >137%.
Other diagnoses- Contra Jin et al., the antorbital fossa does not invade the entire lateral maxillary surface, and its depth is unknown as the medial wall is eroded away. The low ratio between manual phalanx II-2 and II-1 lengths may be plesiomorphic, shared with e.g. Nqwebasaurus and the Tugriken Shireh parvicursorine. The elongate manual phalanx III-1 may be due to the fusion of III-1 and III-2 or the loss of the ancestral III-1.
Comments- This specimen also includes parts which were added prior to its scientific acquisition. Jin et al. found it to be in a polytomy with Shenzhousaurus and more derived ornithomimosaurs in their analysis. Hartman et al. (2019) were the first authors to analyze it in an analysis not limited to ornithomimosaurs, and recovered it as a basalmost ornithomimosaur sister to Deinocheirus.
References- Jin, Chen and Godefroit, 2012. A new basal ornithomimosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, northwest China. In Godefroit (ed.). Bernissart Dinosaurs and Early Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. Indiana University Press. 466-487.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Ornithomimidae sensu Lee et al., 2014
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Deinocheirus mirificus) (Lee et al., 2014)
Reference- Lee, Barsbold, Currie, Kobayashi, Lee, Godefroit, Escuillie and Tsogtbaatar, 2014. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature. 515, 257-260.

Kinnareemimus Buffetaut, Suteethorn and Tong, 2009
= "Ginnareemimus" Kaneko, 2000
= "Kinareemimus" Sasidhorn and Suteethorn, 2000
K. khonkaenensis Buffetaut, Suteethorn and Tong, 2009
Late Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Phu Wiang 5A, Sao Khua Formation, Thailand
Holotype- (SM-PW5A-100) incomplete metatarsal III
Paratypes- (SM-PW5A-101) incomplete metatarsal II
(SM-PW5A-102) proximal metatarsal IV
(SM-PW5A-103) partial metatarsal III
(SM-PW5A-104) proximal metatarsal III
(SM-PW5A-105) incomplete metatarsal II
(SM-PW5A-106) metatarsal IV
(SM-PW5A-107) distal metatarsal III
(SM-PW5A-108) proximal metatarsal IV
(SM-PW5A-109) proximal metatarsal IV
(SM-PW5A-110) tibia
(SM-PW5A-111) tibia
(SM-PW5A-112) proximal fibula
(SM-PW5A-113) proximal pubis
(SM-PW5A-114) proximal pubis
(SM-PW5A-115) pedal phalanx III-1
(SM-PW5A-116) pedal phalanx II-1
(SM-PW5A-117) pedal phalanx III-2
(SM-PW5A-118) pedal phalanx II-2
(SM-PW5A-119) proximal pedal phalanx III-1 or III-2
(SM-PW5A-120) pedal phalanx IV-1
(SM-PW5A-121) pedal phalanx IV-3
(SM-PW5A-122) incomplete pedal ungual
(SM-PW5A-123) posterior dorsal centrum
(SM-PW5A-124) (adult) incomplete mid caudal vertebra
(SM-PW5A-125) mid caudal centrum
(SM-PW5A-126) distal caudal centrum
(SM-PW5A-127) distal caudal centrum
(SM-PW5A-128) distal caudal centrum
(SM-PW5A-129) distal caudal centrum
(SM-PW5A-130) first caudal centrum
(SM-PW5A-131) proximal metatarsal III
Other diagnoses- Buffetaut et al. (2009) diagnosed Kinnareemimus based on the combination of primitive (metatarsal III contacts tarsus in extensor view) and derived (metatarsal III rod-like just distal to proximal expansion; metatarsal III triangular distally) characters, but these are present in all subarctometatarsal taxa (e.g. basal troodontids, microraptorians). Their additional qualifier of Kinareemimus being an ornithomimid with these characters has yet to be defended with synapomorphies or analysis.
Comments- A pedal phalanx (III-2?) is labeled PW5A-123 in figure 7 (of Buffetaut et al., 2009), but this is the number for the dorsal centrum in other areas of the text. It is more likely PW5A-117, as this is the only phalanx not otherwise present in the figure. Similarly, the text mentions PW5A-113 as phalanx III-2, but it is otherwise mentioned in the paper as a proximal pubis.
Discovered in 1995, this was first briefly described by Buffetaut et al. (1995) as "fairly abundant remains of several individuals of a small theropod dinosaur clearly referrable to the Ornithomimosauria", proposing it was more derived than Harpymimus and Garudimimus based on arctometatarsaly (which turned out to be absent), but less so than Gallimimus or Struthiomimus based on the short metatarsus. Suteethorn et al. (1995) similarly mention this as "a number of postcranial bones (vertebrae, tibiae, metatarsals, phalanges) of a small ornithomimosaur." Buffetaut and Suteethorn (1998) briefly described and illustrated its metatarsus. Kaneko (2000) referred to this taxon as "Ginnareemimus" in a popular magazine article, but Olshevsky (DML, 2000) noted it would be spelled differently once formally described. Sasidhorn and Suteethorn (2000) meanwhile used the name "Kinareemimus" in a Thai article which was unknown in the west until 2009. The final description appeared in 2009, where the name was spelled Kinnareemimus.
All Thai publications have interpreted this as an ornithomimosaur more derived than Garudimimus, but less so than arctometatarsal ornithomimids. However, no ornithomimosaur synapomorphies have ever been listed. Buffetaut et al.'s (2009) stated resemblences are either plesiomorphic (hollow caudal centra; cnemial crest continues distally as ridge; proximomedial fibular groove; proximoflexor process on metatarsal II) or vague ("general resemblence" of caudal vertebrae and tibiae; phalanges II-1 and III-2 resembling "Ornithomimus affinis" [="Dryosaurus" grandis]; phalanx IV-3 resembling Gallimimus; pedal ungual resembling Struthiomimus). The rod-like proximal portion just distal to the proximal expansion, narrow proximal exposure, and distally triangular section of metatarsal III are found in other subarctometatarsal and arctometatarsal taxa too, not just ornithomimids. Metatarsal III is proximally narrowed but still contacts the tarsus on the extansor surface, as in subarctometatarsal taxa like Microraptor, but unlike ornithomimosaurs, which seem to have evolved proximal contact between metatarsals II and IV before metatarsal III was narrowed (e.g. Archaeornithomimus). The described pedal ungual spur is part of the articular surface, not a more distally placed spur as in some ornithomimosaurs.
Brusatte et al. (2014) included it in their TWG analysis but deleted the taxon a posteriori without commenting on its relationships. Running their matrix indicates it falls within coelurosaurs more derived than tyrannosauroids, but outside known compsognathids, ornithomimids, therizinosaurs, alvarezsauroids, scansoriopterygids, oviraptorosaurs more derived than Caudipteryx and paravians, with a basal ornithomimosaur or caudipterid position most likely. Samathi (2017, 2018) added Kinnareemimus to Choiniere's coelurosaur analysis and recovered it as a basal coelurosaur, which is detailed in his 2019 thesis. If it is ornithomimosaurian in a revised version of the Hartman et al. (2019) matrix (with the Angeac taxon more fully scored and thus moving to Ceratosauria), it falls out in a trichotomy with Harpymimus and Shenzhousaurus, but can be an alvarezsauroid in trees a single step longer.
References- Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Martin, Tong, Chaimanee and Triamwichanon, 1995. New dinosaur discoveries in Thailand. In Wannakao, Srisuk, Youngme and Lertsirivorakul (eds.). International Conference on Geology, Geotechnology and Mineral Resources of Indochina (Geo-Indo 1995). 157-161.
Suteethorn, Chaimanee, Triamwichanon, Suksawat, Kamsupha, Kumchoo, Buffetaut, Martin and Tong, 1995. Thai dinosaurs; An updated review. [Academic Conference, Department of Geology]. 129-133.
Buffetaut and Suteethorn, 1998. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from Thailand and their bearing on the early evolution and biogeographical history of some groups of Cretaceous dinosaurs. In Lucas, Kirkland and Estep (eds). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History Bulletin. 14, 205-210.
Kaneko, 2000. Following dinosaur tracks in Thailand. Dino Press. 1, 92-105.
Sasidhorn and Suteethorn, 2000. New dinosaur localities in Chaiyaphum Province. [Annual MOE Workshops and Seminars]. 61-65.
Olshevsky, DML 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623022702/http://dml.cmnh.org/2000Sep/msg00228.html
Buffetaut, Suteethorn and Tong, 2009. An early 'ostrich dinosaur' (Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) from the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation of NE Thailand. In Buffetaut, Cuny, Le Loeuff and Suteethorn (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 315, 229-243.
Brusatte, Lloyd, Wang and Norell, 2014. Gradual assembly of avian body plan culminated in rapid rates of evolution across the dinosaur-bird transition. Current Biology. 24(10), 2386-2392.
Samathi, 2017. Phylogenetic position of the ornithomimosaur Kinnareemimus khonkaenensis from the Early Cretaceous of Thailand. 15th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists. 79.
Samathi, 2018. Phylogenetic position of the ornithomimosaur Kinnareemimus khonkaenensis from the Early Cretaceous of Thailand. The Fifth International Palaeontological Congress. 672
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247
Samathi, 2019. Theropod dinosaurs from Thailand and southeast Asia Phylogeny, evolution, and paleobiogeography. PhD thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. 249 pp.

Shenzhousaurus Ji, Norell, Makovicky, Gao, Ji and Yuan, 2003
S. orientalis Ji, Norell, Makovicky, Gao, Ji and Yuan, 2003
Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Lujiatun Beds of Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China
Holotype- (NGMC 97-4-002) incomplete skull (185 mm), mandible (154 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra, seventh dorsal vertebra (26 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (27 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (29 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (29 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (31 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (30 mm), thirteenth dorsal vertebra (31 mm), ten partial dorsal ribs, eight gastralia, (sacrum 140 mm) first sacral vertebra, second sacral vertebra, third sacral vertebra, fourth sacral vertebra, fifth sacral vertebra, first caudal vertebra (20 mm), second caudal vertebra (19 mm), third caudal vertebra (19 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (22 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (21 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (21 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (21 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (22 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (23 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (24 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (24 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (26 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (25 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (28 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra, fourteen chevrons (20-48 mm), distal phalanx I-1 impression, incomplete manual ungual I, partial metacarpal II (~45 mm), phalanx II-1 (29 mm), phalanx II-2 (60 mm), manual ungual II (45 mm), metacarpal III (50 mm), phalanx III-1 (19 mm), phalanx III-2 (18 mm), phalanx III-3, manual unguals III (37 mm), ilium (153 mm), pubes (169 mm), ischium (153 mm), femora (191 mm), gastroliths
Diagnosis- (modified from Ji et al., 2003) differs from Harpymimus and more derived ornithomimosaurs in having a postacetabular process that is gently curved rather than truncated; and from ornithomimids in having a plesiomorphically straight ischium; differs from Pelecanimimus in having less teeth (toothless premaxilla and maxilla, ~9 dentary teeth).
Comments- This taxon was first mentioned as "unnamed toothed ornithomimid" in Makovicky et al.'s (2003) cladogram, seven months before the full description was published. While used as an OTU in their analysis, the matrix was never made public, so further information wasn't known until Ji et al.'s paper was published. Oddly, the matrix of Ji et al. (2003) was never released either.
References- Ji, Norell, Makovicky, Gao, Ji and Yuan, 2003. An early ostrich dinosaur and implications for ornithomimosaur phylogeny. American Museum Novitates. 3420, 19 pp.
Makovicky, Norell, Clark and Rowe, 2003. Osteology and relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae). American Museum Novitates. 3402, 32 pp.
Watanabe, Gold, Brusatte, Benson, Choiniere, Davidson and Norell, 2015. Vertebral pneumaticity in the ornithomimosaur Archaeornithomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) revealed by computed tomography imaging and reappraisal of axial pneumaticity in Ornithomimosauria. PLoS ONE. 10(12), e0145168.

Macrocheiriformes Cuesta, Vidal, Ortega, Shibata and Sanz, 2021 online
Definition- (Pelecanimimus polyodon + Ornithomimus velox) (modified from Cuesta, Vidal, Ortega, Shibata and Sanz, 2021 online)
Reference- Cuesta, Vidal, Ortega, Shibata and Sanz, 2022 (online 2021). Pelecanimimus (Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) postcranial anatomy and the evolution of the specialized manus in Ornithomimosaurs and sternum in maniraptoriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 194(2), 553-591.

Pelecanimimidae Alifanov, 2012
Reference- Alifanov, 2012. Suborder Theropoda. In Kurochkin and Lopatin (eds.). Fossil vertebrates of Russia and adjacent countries: Fossil reptiles and birds Part 2. GEOS. 169-240.
Pelecanimimus Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalioni, Moratalla, Ortega and Rasskin-Gutman, 1994
P. polyodon Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalioni, Moratalla, Ortega and Rasskin-Gutman, 1994
Late Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Las Hoyas, Calizas de La Huerguina Formation, Spain
Holotype- (MCCM-LH 7777) (~2-2.5 m) skull (~190 mm), mandibles (one partial), hyoid, proatlases, atlantal intercentrum, atlantal neural arches, axis, third cervical vertebra, fourth cervical vertebra, fifth cervical vertebra, sixth cervical vertebra, seventh cervical vertebra, eighth cervical vertebra, ninth cervical vertebra, tenth cervical vertebra, cervical ribs, first dorsal vertebra, second dorsal vertebra, third dorsal vertebra, fragmentary posterior dorsal vertebra, two posterior dorsal vertebrae, partial posterior dorsal vertebra, dorsal ribs, four uncinate processes, scapulae (one incomplete, one partial), coracoids, furcular fragment, sternal plates, four sternal ribs, partial humeri, incomplete radii, incomplete ulnae, radiales, intermedium, distal carpals I, distal carpals II, distal carpals III, metacarpals I (one incomplete; 48 mm), phalanges I-1 (66, 60 mm), manual unguals I (31, 33 mm), metacarpals II (one incomplete; 59 mm), phalanges II-1 (23 mm), phalanges II-2 (54, 54 mm), manual unguals II (one fragmentary; 38, 40 mm), metacarpals III (one incomplete; 58 mm), phalanges III-1 (15 mm), phalanges III-2 (16 mm), phalanges III-3 (42, 42 mm), manual unguals III (one fragmentary; 45 mm), skin impressions, muscle fibers
Diagnosis- (after Perez-Moreno et al., 1994) seven premaxillary teeth; anteriorly limited maxillary teeth; about thirty maxillary teeth; about seventy-five dentary teeth; tightly adhered radius and ulna; metacarpal I 81% of metacarpal II; metacarpal III 100% of metacarpal II.
(after Cuesta et al., 2022) axial neural spine dorsally tall, with a posterodorsally tapered, posteriorly projected and rounded apex; fan-shaped neural spine on posteriormost dorsal vertebrae in lateral view; evenly developed distal condyles in metacarpal I; poor divergence between metacarpal II and metacarpal I.
Other diagnoses- Perez-Moreno et al. (1994) also listed several other features in their diagnosis. The low snout is shared with other ornithomimosaurs. Maxillary teeth larger than dentary teeth are common in theropods. The absence of interdental plates, unserrated teeth and teeth with constricted roots are primitive for maniraptoriforms. The dentary is decurved, not straight.
Comments- The holotype was discovered in 1993 and initially noted in a 1994 abstract as the "Las Hoyas theropod", resolved using the same analysis as its official description but only reported at the time to be in a clade with troodontids, Garudimimus and Gallimimus. Though described in a preliminary report by Perez-Moreno et al. (1994), the detailed description in Perez-Moreno's (2004) thesis will not be published due to the author leaving the paleontological community, nor will those in possession of it distribute the document. The postcrania have since been described by Cuesta et al. (2022), but the skull has yet to be described in detail. Note contra Cuesta et al., the two complete posterior dorsal vertebrae are not the last two, as the anterior third of another vertebra is articulated with them posteriorly (unpublished photo).
Perez-Moreno et al. originally reported "integumentary structures" consisting of "subparallel fibers arranged perpendicular to the bone surface, and a less conspicuous secondary system parallel to it." While a connection between these and feathers was initially popular, Briggs et al. (1997) determined they were muscles fibers. In addition, the preserved skin is scaleless and wrinkled, and the presence of a soft cranial crest and throat pouch were confirmed.
Taquet and Russell (1998) believe Pelecanimimus could be a spinosaurid based on- seven premaxillary teeth; a median longitudinal crest in the temporal region (soft in Pelecanimimus and misinterpreted in Irritator); a jugal that does not contact the antorbital fenestra (untrue in Pelecanimimus); maxillary teeth larger than dentary teeth (true of most theropods); large number of dentary teeth (also present in Shuvuuia); absence of interdental plates (also in most maniraptoriforms); narrow and shallow skull with an elongated facial region (also in Shuvuuia). The large number of premaxillary teeth is best seen as a convergence, given the otherwise maniraptoriform skeleton.
References- [author/s], 1994. [title]. Gondwana Dinosaurs: Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography. [pp].
Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalioni, Moratalla, Ortega and Rasskin-Gutman, 1994. A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature. 370, 363-367.
Perez-Moreno and Sanz, 1995. The hand of Pelecanimimus polyodon, a preliminary report. II International Symposium on Lithographic Limestones. Lleida-Cuenca (Spain). Extended Abstracts. 115-117.
Briggs, Wilby, Perez-Moreno, Sanz and Fregenal-Matrinez, 1997. The mineralization of dinosaur soft tissue in the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. Journal of the Geological Society, London. 154, 587-588.
Taquet and Russell 1998. New data on spinosaurid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of the Sahara. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes. 327, 347-353.
Perez-Moreno, 2004. Pelecanimimus polyodon: Anatomía, sistemática y paleobiología de un Ornithomimosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda) de Las Hoyas (Cretácico inferior; Cuenca, España). PhD thesis. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. 149 pp.
Watanabe, Gold, Brusatte, Benson, Choiniere, Davidson and Norell, 2015. Vertebral pneumaticity in the ornithomimosaur Archaeornithomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) revealed by computed tomography imaging and reappraisal of axial pneumaticity in Ornithomimosauria. PLoS ONE. 10(12), e0145168.
Cuesta, Vidal, Ortega, Shibata and Sanz, 2022 (online 2021). Pelecanimimus (Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) postcranial anatomy and the evolution of the specialized manus in Ornithomimosaurs and sternum in maniraptoriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 194(2), 553-591.

Harpymimidae Barsbold and Perle, 1984a
Harpymimus Barsbold and Perle, 1984a
H. okladnikovi Barsbold and Perle, 1984a
Middle-Late Albian, Early Cretaceous
Khuren Dukh, Khuren Dukh Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM 100/29) (~4 m; adult) incomplete skull (262 mm), eleven sclerotic plates, mandibles (242.6 mm), partial axis, third cervical vertebra (65 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (79 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (90 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (97 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (94 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (94 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (84 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (75 mm), at least seven cervical ribs, first dorsal vertebra (54 mm), second dorsal vertebra (48 mm), third dorsal vertebra (50 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (55 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (56 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra (59 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (61 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (59 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (65 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (64 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (65 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (67 mm), eleven proximal dorsal ribs, first sacral vertebra (71 mm), second sacral vertebra (70 mm), third sacral vertebra (64 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (57 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (57 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (68 mm), first caudal vertebra, second caudal vertebra (56.5 mm), third caudal vertebra, fourth caudal vertebra (59.9 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (60.8 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (60.5 mm), seventh caudal vertebra, eighth caudal vertebra (60.6 mm), ninth caudal vertebra, tenth caudal vertebra (59.9 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (59.9 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (59.6 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (59.6 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (58.9 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (61.6 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (62.8 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (61.7 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (60.9 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (60.2 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (59.5 mm), twenty-first caudal vertebra (60.4 mm), twenty-second caudal vertebra (56.8 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (57.6 mm), twenty-fourth caudal vertebra (57.3 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (54.9 mm), twenty-sixth caudal vertebra (48.4 mm), twenty-seventh caudal vertebra (45.6 mm), twenty-eighth caudal vertebra (48.1 mm), twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (47.7 mm), thirtieth caudal vertebra (46.9 mm), thirty-first caudal vertebra (42.7 mm), thirty-second caudal vertebra (40.2 mm), thirty-third caudal vertebra (34.3 mm), thirty-fourth caudal vertebra (31.8 mm), fifth to sixteenth chevrons, eighteenth chevron, twentieth to thirty-first chevrons, incomplete scapula (303 mm), partial scapula, partial coracoid, humeri (294 mm), radii (217 mm), ulnae (242 mm), intermedium, ulnare, pisiform, distal carpal I, distal carpal II, metacarpal I (48 mm), phalanx I-1 (120 mm), manual ungual I (74 mm), metacarpal II (94 mm), phalanx II-1 (49 mm), phalanx II-2 (104 mm), manual ungual II (80 mm), metacarpal III (103 mm), phalanx III-1 (31 mm), phalanx III-2 (37 mm), phalanx III-3 (81 mm), manual ungual III (77 mm), incomplete ilia (385 mm), incomplete pubes, ischial fragment, proximal femora, distal tibiae, fibular fragments, astragalus, calcaneum, distal tarsal III, incomplete distal tarsal IV, metatarsal II (292 mm), phalanx II-1 (72 mm), phalanx II-2 (51 mm), metatarsal III (310 mm), phalanx III-1 (67 mm), phalanx III-2 (54 mm), pedal ungual III, incomplete metatarsal IV (~304 mm), phalanx IV-1 (42 mm), phalanx IV-2 (34 mm), phalanx IV-3 (33 mm)
Diagnosis - (after Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2005) eleven dentary teeth; transition between anterior and posterior caudal vertebrae at eighteenth caudal; triangular-shaped depression on dorsal surface of supraglenoid buttress of scapula; low ridge dorsal to depression along posterior edge of scapular blade; small but deep collateral ligament fossa on lateral condyle of metacarpal III.
Comments- Harpymimus was originally briefly described by Barsbold and Perle (1984a, b), with additional elements illustrated by Barsbold and Osmólska (1990). It was described in depth by Kobayashi (2004), which was published as Kobayashi and Barsbold (2005). Though Barsbold and Perle and Currie et al. (1990) describe the tooth morphology, they were apparently lost by the time Kobayashi reexamined the specimen. Holtz (1992; pers. comm. from Norell) first suggested the metatarsus may actually be arctometatarsalian and was disarticulated in the holotype. However, Kobayashi (2004) verifies no disarcticulation or distortion is present and the metatarsus really is non-arctometatarsalian.
References- Barsbold and Perle, 1984a. O pervoy nakhodke primitivnogo ornitomimozavra iz mela MNR. Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal. 2, 121-123.
Barsbold and Perle, 1984b. The first record of a primitive ornithomimosaur from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 2, 118-120.
Currie, Rigby and Sloan, 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In Carpenter and Currie (eds.). Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press. 107-125.
Barsbold and Osmólska, 1990. Ornithomimosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria. University of California Press. 225-244.
Holtz, 1992. An unusual structure of the metatarsus of Theropoda (Archosauria: Dinosauria: Saurischia) of the Cretaceous. PhD Thesis. Yale University. 347 pp.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2005. Anatomy of Harpymimus okladnikovi Barsbold and Perle 1984 (Dinosauria; Theropoda) of Mongolia. In Carpenter (ed.). The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. 97-126.

Ornithomiminae Marsh, 1890 sensu Nopcsa, 1923
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Pelecanimimus polyodon, Harpymimus okladnikovi) (modified from Sereno, 1998)
Comments- This clade should receive a different name, since it is more inclusive than Ornithomimidae in most topologies and definitions, in contrast to Sereno's heterodox nomenclature here. All Late Cretaceous ornithomimosaur specimens are provisionally listed here, as among more basal taxa only Deinocheirus lived so late.
References- Marsh, 1890. Description of new dinosaurian reptiles. The American Journal of Science, series 3. 39, 81-86.
Nopcsa, 1923. Die Familien der Reptilien. Forschritte der Geologie und Palaeontologie. 2, 1-210.
Sereno, 1998. A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen. 210(1), 41-83.

Tyrannomimus Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023
T. fukuiensis Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023
Etymology- "The genus name is derived from its morphological resemblance with tyrannosauroids, in which the vertical ridge on the ilium has been regarded as a synapomorphy; the specific name is derived from Fukui, the prefecture where the type and referred specimens were found."
Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Bonebed 1, Kitadani Dinosaur Quarry, Kitadani Formation of the Tetori Group, Fukui, Japan
Holotype- (FPDM-V-11311) right prootic, basioccipital, incomplete anterior dorsal neural arch, incomplete mid dorsal neural arch, two posterior dorsal centra (~38 mm), partial sixth sacral neural arch fused to sacral rib, partial proximal caudal centrum, incomplete distal caudal vertebra (~32 mm), partial ilium
Paratype- (FPDM-V-10295) distal left femur (~45 mm trans distally), distal left metatarsal II, metatarsals IV, right pedal phalanx I-1 (~29 mm), one or two pedal unguals (~37 mm)
Referred- (FPDM-V-8579) manual ungual III (~41 mm) (Azuma, Shibata, Kubo and Sekiya, 2013)
(FPDM-V-8580) incomplete manual ungual I (~55 mm) (Azuma, Shibata, Kubo and Sekiya, 2013)
(FPDM-V-8582) right metatarsal II (~83 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-8945) right manual phalanx I-1 (~71 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-9348) partial ilium (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11313) incomplete left frontal (~69 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11314) (juvenile) incomplete mid dorsal neural arch (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11315) mid dorsal centrum (~29 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11316) last dorsal centrum (~45 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11317) first sacral centrum (~46 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11318) first sacral centrum (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11319) incomplete third sacral centrum (~35 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11320) incomplete fourth sacral centrum (~37 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11321) proximal right humerus (~29 mm trans proximally) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11322) incomplete left humerus (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11323) (juvenile) proximal humerus (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11324) left manual phalanx I-1 (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11325) left manual phalanx I-1 (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11326) manual phalanx/ungual (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11327) left manual phalanx II-2 (~61 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11328) left manual phalanx II-2 (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11329) manual ungual (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11332) manual ungual II (~48 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11333) incomplete left ilium (~216 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11334) partial ilium (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11335) partial ilium (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11336) (larger than 11333) partial ilium (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11337) partial ilium (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11338) incomplete left femur (~34 mm trans proximally) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11339) (juvenile) proximal right tibia (~20 mm anteropost proximally) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11340) distal left tibia (~45 mm trans distally) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11341) incomplete tibia (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11344) distal left metatarsal III (~13 mm trans distally) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11345) distal left metatarsal III (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11346) left pedal phalanx II-1 (~45 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11347) pedal phalanx II-1 (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
(FPDM-V-11348) left pedal phalanx IV-1 (~31 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Bonebed ?, Kitadani Dinosaur Quarry, Kitadani Formation of the Tetori Group, Fukui, Japan
(FPDM-V-11343) proximal left metatarsal III (~23 mm anteropost proximally), right metatarsal IV (~170 mm), right pedal phalanx IV-2 (~25 mm) (Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023)
?(FPDM-V-980815162) partial manual ungual (~50 mm) (Currie and Azuma, 2006)
Diagnosis- (after Hattori et al., 2023) deep dorsal tympanic recess with bottom subdivided by anteroposteriorly oriented lamina; expanded spherical cavities within prezygocentrodiapophyseal and centrodiapophyseal fossae in dorsal vertebrae; deep anterolateral pit on proximal part of humerus.
Other diagnoses- Although Hattori et al.'s (2023) diagnosis cites "expanded spherical cavities within prezygocentrodiapophyseal, centrodiapophyseal and postzygocentrodiapophyseal fossae", they later specify "in all dorsal neural arches ... the spherical cavity is present at least within the prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa", and Figure 3 shows this is also true of the centrodiapophyseal fossa. Only mid dorsal neural arch FPDM-V-11314 shows one in the postzygocentrodiapophyseal fossa however, so while this could still be disgnostic of a particular vertebral position in Tyrannomimus, its absence in mid dorsal FPDM-V-11311 makes it unwise to use as an apomorphy for all dorsals (or even mid dorsals) of the taxon.
Comments- Note metatarsal FPDM-V-8582 is not present in the referred element list of Hattori et al. (2023). While they say "FPDM-V-11311 (holotype) includes a partial right neurapophysis of the posteriormost, tentatively regarded as the fifth, sacral vertebra", other genera regarded by them as deinocheirids (Deinocheirus, Harpymimus, Garudimimus) have six sacral vertebrae (as do all otheir macrocheiriforms), so it is regarded as the sixth here. The paratype materials list says "a pedal ungual" is preserved, but the description states "There are two pedal unguals in the paratype."
Early finds- Currie and Azuma (2006) listed FPDM-V-980815162 as an "elongate, relatively straight manual ungual", and stated "Manual unguals collected from the same quarry suggest that there may have been as many as three different types of small theropods in the fauna" and "At least two other theropod taxa [distinct from Fukuiraptor] can be recognized in the fauna from teeth and manual unguals, but in the Kitadani Quarry these coelurosaurs are rare animals." Azuma et al. (2013) state "The specimen (980815162), which is missing from the proximal joint to the flexor tubercle, is elongated overall (length 35.9 mm, maximum width 6.15 mm)" (translated). If we assume a flexor tubercle placement similar to FPDM-V-8579, the total ungual length may have been about 50 mm. Furthermore, the height/width ratio (at the proximal break?) is said to be 1.24, within the range of other ornithomimosaurs measured by Kobayashi. Azuma et al. also mention two other manual unguals "FPDM-V8579 (length 35.2 mm, maximum width 6.2 mm) and FPDM-V8580 (length including impression part 46.3 mm, maximum width 8.7 mm)," stated to be "in good condition although there is a defect in the distal part", and indeed those measurements are only of the preserved portions as shown by their eventual illustration in Hattori et al. (2023). Azuma et al. also report "The height-to-width ratios of the distal phalanges of these forelimbs are ... 1.18 (FPDM-V8579), and 0.98 (FPDM-V8580)", with the latter being dorsoventrally flatter than any ornithomimosaurs measured by Kobayashi except for Anserimimus. They identified all three unguals as ornithomimosaurian based on "the distal location of the flexor tubercle."
A new taxon- Hattori et al. (2023) included FPDM-V-8579 and 8580 as referred specimens of their new taxon Tyrannomimus fukuiensis but did not mention FPDM-V-980815162. Regarding the hypodigm, they stated "Each specimen was collected from the same layer (Bonebed I) except for FPDM-V-11343", but a layer for the latter specimen was not given, and Currie and Azuma (2006) never specify which layer of the quarry FPDM-V-980815162 was found in either. Based on the presence of seven ilia in Bonebed I, at least four individuals were present, but this could be augmented by knowing how many right vs. left elements there are and if any are significantly smaller as some other isolated elements are (FPDM-V-11314, 11323, 11339) which could belong to one or more younger individuals. That being said, Hattori et al. correctly say "the unfused conditions of the braincase and the vertebral neurocentral sutures represent a possible immaturity of the holotype", and this is additionally true for isolated dorsals and sacrals FPDM-V-11314 through 11320. Whether any of the isolated referred materials represent larger and thus posssibly adult individuals requires further documentation and research.
Hattori et al. noted "the overall morphology and the length (7.88 mm) of the cochlear duct of Tyrannomimus are similar to those of Struthiomimus (AMNH FR 5355: ca. 7 mm)" and thus "it is suggested that the audibility of Tyrannomimus was comparable to that of Struthiomimus."
Hattori et al. used Choiniere's coelurosaur matrix to recover Tyrannomimus as a deinocheirid sister to Harpymimus, or if only the holotype is scored, as a deinocheirid in a polytomy with other members of that family. When added to Hartman et al.'s maniraptoromorph matrix, it is a very basal ornithomimid, but can be a garudimimid with 3 steps and sister to Harpymimus with 6 steps.
References- Currie and Azuma, 2006. New specimens, including a growth series of Fukuiraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Quarry of Japan. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. 22(1), 173-193.
Azuma, Shibata, Kubo and Sekiya, 2013. Orinthomimosaurid materials from the Kitadani Formation of the Tetori Group, Fukui. Abstracts with Programs: The 2013 Annual Meeting of the Palaeontological Society of Japan. 26.
Hattori, Shibata, Kawabe, Imai, Nishi and Azuma, 2023. New theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan provides critical implications for the early evolution of ornithomimosaurs. Scientific Reports. 13:13842.

undescribed possible ornithomimosaur (Kirkland, Lucas and Estep, 1998)
Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, US
Material- partial skeleton
Comments- Kirkland et al. (1998) listed Ornithomimidae? new genus and species under the Upper Cedar Mountain Formation. Kirkland (2005) noted the partial skeleton of "what may be a toothless ornithomimid" had been discovered.
References- Kirkland, Lucas and Estep, 1998. Cretaceous dinosaurs of the Colorado Plateau. In Lucas, Kirkland and Estep (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 14, 79-89.
Kirkland, 2005. Utah’s newly recognized dinosaur record. Utah Geological Survey: Survey Notes. 37(1), 1-5.

unnamed ornithomimosaur (Riabinin, 1939)
Late Cretaceous
Dovletsai, Tashkent Chul, Kazakhstan
References- Riabinin, 1939. The Upper Cretaceous vertebrate fauna from the Upper Cretaceous of south Kazakhstan. I. Reptilia. Pt 1. Ornithischia. Trudy Tsyentralnogo Nauchno-Isslyedovatyelskogo Gyeologorazvyedochnogo instituta. 18, 1-40.
Nessov, 1995. Dinosaurs of northern Eurasia: New data about assemblages, ecology, and paleobiogeography. Institute for Scientific Research on the Earth's Crust, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg. 1-156.

undescribed ornithomimosaur (Efremov, 1944)
Late Cretaceous
Karaoi, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Reference- Efremov, 1944. Dinozavrovyi gorizont crednei Azii i nekotorye volrosy stratigraphii. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya. 3, 40-58.

undescribed ornithomimosaur (Efremov, 1944)
Late Cretaceous
Kshi-Kalkan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Reference- Efremov, 1944. Dinozavrovyi gorizont crednei Azii i nekotorye volrosy stratigraphii. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya. 3, 40-58.

unnamed ornithomimosaur (Averianov, 2006)
Early Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Khodzhakul Formation, Uzbekistan
Material- (ZIN PH 864/16) coracoid (Averianov, 2006)
(ZIN PH 904/16) coracoid (Averianov, 2006)
caudal vertebrae, scapular fragments, manual phalanges, manual unguals, ilial fragments, astragalar fragments, metatarsal II fragments, phalanx II-1, metatarsal III fragments, phalanx IV-1, pedal phalanges, pedal unguals (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
Comments- The coracoids are more similar to the Tokubai ornithomimosaur than the Bissekty taxon (?= "Archaeornithomimus" bissektensis) in having a vertical crest distal to the glenoid. They may belong to the same taxon as the Tokubai specimen. Sues and Averianov (2016) reported the other elements are mostly indistinguishable from Bissekty material.
References- Averianov, 2006a. [On an ornithomimid dinosaur (Saurischia, Ornithomimosauria) from the Cenomanian of Fergana]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 2006(3), 88-92.
Averianov, 2006b. On an ornithomimid dinosaur (Saurischia, Ornithomimosauria) from the Cenomanian of Fergana. Paleontological Journal. 40(3), 323-327.
Sues and Averianov, 2016 (online 2015). Ornithomimidae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Turonian) of Uzbekistan. Cretaceous Research. 57, 90-110.

unnamed ornithomimosaur (Averianov, 2006)
Early Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Tokubai Formation, Kyrgyzstan
Material- (ZIN PH 1/28) partial coracoid
Diagnosis- (after Averianov, 2006) differs from Gallimimus and Anserimimus in possessing a massive horizontal crest connected to the biceps tubercle (also in Archaeornithomimus and Sinornithomimus); differs from Harpymimus, Archaeornithomimus, Sinornithomimus, Struthiomimus and Dromiceiomimus in having the infraglenoid buttress laterally turned relative to the axis of the posterior process (also in Gallimimus and Anserimimus); differs from Gallimimus in having a well developed posterior process.
Comments- This is more similar to ornithomimosaur coracoids ZIN PH 864/16 and 904/16 than the to Bissekty taxon (?= Archaeornithomimus? bissektensis) in having a vertical crest distal to the glenoid. It may belong to the same taxon as the former specimens.
Reference- Averianov, 2006a. [On an ornithomimid dinosaur (Saurischia, Ornithomimosauria) from the Cenomanian of Fergana]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 2006(3), 88-92.
Averianov, 2006b. On an ornithomimid dinosaur (Saurischia, Ornithomimosauria) from the Cenomanian of Fergana. Paleontological Journal. 40(3), 323-327.

unnamed ornithomimosaur (Averianov, 2007)
Turonian-Coniacian, Late Cretaceous
Zhirkindek Formation, Kazakhstan
Material- (ZIN PH 36/49) distal caudal vertebra (21.1 mm)
Reference- Averianov, 2007. Theropod dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous deposits in the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. Cretaceous Research. 28(3), 532-544.

undescribed ornithomimosaur (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
Coniacian-Santonian?, Late Cretaceous
Kynyr Formation, Uzbekistan
Material- (ZIN PH 1901/16) proximal caudal vertebra
Comments- Sues and Averianov (2016) report this differs from the Bissekty ornithomimid by having a strong ventral median ridge.
Reference- Sues and Averianov, 2016 (online 2015). Ornithomimidae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Turonian) of Uzbekistan. Cretaceous Research. 57, 90-110.

unnamed Ornithomimosauria (Rozhdestvensky, 1977)
Early Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Yalovach Formation, Tajikistan
Material- (PIN 3041/1) femur (329.5 mm) (Alifanov and Averianov, 2006)
(PIN 3041/2) incomplete humerus (Alifanov and Averianov, 2006)
(PIN 3041/4) (juvenile) proximal femur (Alifanov and Averianov, 2006)
(PIN 3041/6) manual phalanx II-2 (95.7 mm) (Alifanov and Averianov, 2006)
(PIN 3041/12) distal caudal vertebra (49.3 mm) (Alifanov and Averianov, 2006)
(PIN 3041/13) distal caudal vertebra (50.8 mm) (Alifanov and Averianov, 2006)
(PIN 3041/14) proximal caudal neural arch (Alifanov and Averianov, 2006)
(PIN 3041/20) partial frontal (Alifanov and Averianov, 2006)
(PIN coll.; lost) mandible (Rozhdestvensky, 1977)
Comments- Rozhdestvensky (1977) first mentioned ornithomimids from the Yalovach Formation, but they were first described and illustrated by Alifanov and Averianov (2006). Unlike Gallimimus, the proximal caudal prezygapophyses are dorsoventrally level with the transverse processes, though their humeri are nearly identical. The two Yalovach femora differ from one another in the proximodistal positions of their anterior and fourth trochanters and caudofemoralis longus fossa. They are more proximally positioned in PIN 3041/1 and Archaeornithomimus? bissektensis than in PIN 3041/4. Perhaps multiple ornithomimsaur species are present in the Yalovach.
References- Rozhdestvensky, 1977. The Kansai locality of Cretaceous vertebrates in Fergana. Yezhyegodnik Vsyesoyuznogo palyeontologichyeskogo obshchyestva. 20, 235-247.
Nessov, 1995. Dinosaurs of northern Eurasia: New data about assemblages, ecology, and paleobiogeography. Institute for Scientific Research on the Earth's Crust, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg. 1-156.
Alifanov and Averianov, 2006a. [On the finding of ornithomimid dinosaurs (Saurischia, Ornithomimosauria) in the Upper Cretaceous beds of Tajikistan]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 2006(1), 98-102.
Alifanov and Averianov, 2006b. On the finding of ornithomimid dinosaurs (Saurischia, Ornithomimosauria) in the Upper Cretaceous beds of Tajikistan. Paleontological Journal. 40(1), 103-108.

unnamed Ornithomimosauria (Rozhdestvensky and Khozatsky, 1967)
Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Bostobe Formation, Kazakhstan
Material- (IZK 1432/2012) proximal femur, distal metatarsal III, proximal metatarsal IV, pedal ungual (45.5 mm), phalangeal fragments (Averianov, Sues, Dyke and Bayshashov, 2017)
(ZIN PH 2/49) metacarpal III (69.7 mm) (Averianov, 2007)
(ZIN PH 3/49) incomplete manual ungual (Averianov, 2007)
(ZIN PH 4/49) pedal phalanx IV-1 (28.4 mm) (Averianov, 2007)
(ZIN PH 6/49) proximal caudal vertebra (Averianov, 2007)
(ZIN PH 7/49) distal caudal vertebra (54 mm) (Averianov, 2007)
(ZIN PH 8/49) proximal caudal vertebra (44.3 mm) (Averianov, 2007)
?...(ZIN PH 9/49) distal caudal vertebra (Averianov, 2007)
(ZIN PH 23/49) (juvenile) distal metatarsal II (Averianov, 2007)
(ZIN PH 26/49) (juvenile) tibial fragment (Averianov, 2007)
(ZIN PH 40/49) distal caudal vertebra (Averianov, 2007)
(ZIN PH 44/49) frontal (Averianov, 2016)
Comments- Rozhdestvensky and Khozatsky (1967) mentioned ornithomimid remains from the Bostobe Formation, but Averianov (2007) is the first to describe and illustrate them. The tibia differs from Gallimimus and the Bissekty ornithomimid in having a a lower and less sharp fibular crest that is of constant height along its length and extends further proximally than the distal end of the cnemial crest. It also differs from Gallimimus in having two nutrient foramina. Averianov et al. (2017) described an associated specimen (IZK 1432/2012) that differs from bissektensis in having a reduced pedal ungual flexor tuber and resembles Yalovack Formation material in having a dorsally angled femoral head.
References- Rozhdestvensky and Khozatsky, 1967. Late Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrates of Asiatic part of the USSR. In Martinson (ed.). Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Mesozoic and Paleogene-Neogene Continental Deposits of Asiatic Part of the USSR. Nauka. 82-92.
Averianov, 2007. Theropod dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous deposits in the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. Cretaceous Research. 28(3), 532-544.
Averianov, 2016 (online 2015). Frontal bones of non-avian theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-?Campanian) Bostobe Formation of the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 53(2). 168-175.
Averianov, Sues, Dyke and Bayshashov, 2017 (online 2016). Hind limb bones of an ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Bostobe Formation, northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. Palaeoworld. 26(1), 194-201.

undescribed ornithimomosaur (Nessov, 1995)
Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Syuk-Syuk Formation, Kazakhstan
Material- unguals?
Comments- Nessov (1995) notes Prinada (1925, 1927) and/or Riabinin (1938, 1939) identified unguals as Ornithomimus cf. asiaticus, which were later cited as Ornithomimidae by Efremov (1944). This remains uncertain pending further studies.
References- Prinada, 1925. [Search for remains of large vertebrates of Upper Cretaceous age in Turkestan. Report on the state of activities of the Geological Committee for 1924. Part II, III]. Izvyestiya Gyeologichyeskogo komityeta. 44(2), 257.
Prinada, 1927. [Report on the excavation at the localities where dinosaur bones were discovered. Report on the state of activities of the Geological Committee for 1925. Part II, III]. Izvyestiya Gyeologichyeskogo komityeta. 45(4), 453-454.
Riabinin, 1938. Some results of the studies of the Upper Cretaceous dinosaurian fauna from the vicinity of the station Sary-Agach, south Kazakhstan. Problems of Paleontology 4, 125-135.
Riabinin, 1939. The Upper Cretaceous vertebrate fauna from the Upper Cretaceous of south Kazakhstan. I. Reptilia. Pt 1. Ornithischia. Trudy Tsyentralnogo Nauchno-Isslyedovatyelskogo Gyeologorazvyedochnogo instituta. 18, 1-40.
Efremov, 1944. Dinozavrovyi gorizont crednei Azii i nekotorye volrosy stratigraphii. Izvestia Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seria Geologicheskaia. 3, 40-58.
Nessov, 1995. Dinosaurs of northern Eurasia: New data about assemblages, ecology, and paleobiogeography. Institute for Scientific Research on the Earth's Crust, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg. 1-156.

undescribed ornithomimosaur (Efremov, 1944)
Santonian-Early Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Kara-Cheku, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Comments- Ornithomimids were reported from this locality, but this remains uncertain pending description.
References- Efremov, 1944. Dinozavrovyi gorizont crednei Azii i nekotorye volrosy stratigraphii. Izvestia Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seria Geologicheskaia. 3, 40-58.
Nessov, 1995. Dinosaurs of northern Eurasia: New data about assemblages, ecology, and paleobiogeography. Institute for Scientific Research on the Earth's Crust, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg. 1-156.

undescribed ornithomimosaur (Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Watabe and Barsbold, 2017)
Late Cretaceous
Mongolia
Material- (IGM 100/138) material including metatarsal II (458 mm), metatarsal III (500 mm) and metatarsal IV (467 mm)
Comments- This is listed as an ornithomimid in Tsogtbaatar et al.'s (2017) metatarsal measurements spreadsheet.
Reference- Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Watabe and Barsbold, 2017. First ornithomimid (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Tögrögiin Shiree, Mongolia. Scientific Reports. 7: 5835.

unnamed Ornithomimosauria (Gilmore, 1933)
Late Cretaceous
Tairum Nor Formation, Mongolia
Material- (AMNH 6593) dorsal centrum, two partial caudal centra, proximal metatarsal IV, two pedal phalanges
Reference- Gilmore, 1933. Two new dinosaurian reptiles from Mongolia with notes on some fragmentary specimens. American Museum Novitates. 679, 20 pp.

undescribed Ornithomimosauria (Maleev, 1956)
Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Bayn Shire, Bayanshiree Formation, Mongolia
Material- (IGM coll.; 960804-5 BS TSGT) (three to four individuals) limb elements (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000c)
(uncollected) several skeletons (Suzuki and Watabe, 2000)
Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Bayshin Tsav, Bayanshiree Formation, Mongolia
(HMNS 94-3-10; 930820 BTS-II-3 (PJ)) sacral vertebrae, ilium (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a)
(HMNS 94-3-16; 930821 BTs-IV-1) two caudal vertebrae, pubis, metatarsal II, phalanx (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a)
(IGM coll.; 940625 BTs II) cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, ribs, caudal vertebrae, manual phalanges, partial femur (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000b)
(?IGM coll.; at least five individuals, two taxa) semiarticulated postcrania including manus including metacarpals I and manual unguals, ilium, four pubes, metatarsus (Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Saneyoshi, Tsogtbaatar, Badamkhatan and Ryuji, 2017)
Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Khongil Tsav, Bayanshiree Formation, Mongolia
(IGM coll.; 940618 KgT-m NAR) femur, tibia, fibula (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000b)
(IGM coll.; 950807 KgT Ornithomimid) pes (Suzuki and Watabe, 2000)
(IGM coll.; 080922 KgT KHB) skeleton (Tsubamoto, Saneyoshi, Tsogtbaatar, Chinzorig, Khatanbaatar, Mainbayar and Suzuki, 2010)
Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Shine Us Khuduk, Bayanshiree Formation, Mongolia
(uncollected?) tibia (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a)
(?IGM coll.) incomplete postcranial skeleton including manual phalanges including phalanx I-1, femur and pes including metatarsus and metatarsal V (Barsbold, Kobayashi and Kubota, 2007)
Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Shiregin Gashun, Bayanshiree Formation, Mongolia
(PIN coll.) material (Maleev, 1956)
Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Bayanshiree Formation, Mongolia
(IGM 100/132) material including manual phalanx I-1 (92.8 mm), manual ungual I (53.1 mm), manual ungual II (57.9 mm), metacarpal III (84.2 mm), phalanx III-1 (21.6 mm), phalanx III-2 (18.8 mm), phalanx III-3 (47.2 mm), manual ungual III (44.6 mm) (Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Takasaki, Tanaka, Iijima and Barsbold, 2018)
(IGM 100/202) material including manual ungual I and manual ungual II/III (Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Takasaki, Tanaka, Iijima and Barsbold, 2018)
Comments- Maleev (1956) reports "remains ... of small predatory dinosaurs of the family Ornithomimidae" from Shiregin Gashun (his Shiregin-gashun).
Watabe and Suzuki (2000a) mention an "ornithomimid tibia" from Shine Us Khuduk found in August 14-16 1993, and list 930821 BTs-IV-1 as "Ornithomimosaur metatarsal II, pubis" from Bayshin Tsav. The latter was prepared in 1994 (Matsumoto et al., 2000), the final material list is "one pubis, one metatarsal-II, one phalange and two caudal vertebrae", and it was given the number HMNS 94-3-16. Watabe and Suzuki also list HMNS 94-3-10 under its field number 930820 BTS-II-3 as "tyrannosaurid ilium, sacral vertebrae" discovered on August 20 at Bayshin Tsav, but after preparation it was reidentified as "ornithomimosaur" (Matsumoto et al., 2000).
Watabe and Suzuki (2000b) list 940618 KgT-m NAR as "Ornithomimid femur, tibia, fibula" found on June 18 1994 at Khongil Tsav-III, and 940625 BTs II as "Ornithomimid femur, caudal vertebrae, digits" found on June 25 1994 at Bayshin Tsav-II. The latter was prepared in 2000 (Tsogtbaatar, 2004), who lists the material as "part of femur, partial cerrvical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae, phalanges of manus, some ribs" and state it is stored at the IGM.
Suzuki and Watabe (2000) report "several skeletons of small ornithomimid theropods (mass burial)" from Bayn Shire discovered on August 4-5 1995, but say they were uncollected. They also list 950807 KgT Ornithomimid as "Ornithomimid pes" from Khongil Tsav, collected on August 7.
Watabe and Suzuki (2000c) report the collection of "at least 4 skeletons of ornithomimid" from Bayn Shire on August 4-5 1996, catalogd as 960804-5 BS TSGT. They include a photo of "bone bed with ornithomimid skeletons in fine sandstone layer (middle horizon), Bayn Shire." Tsogtbaatar (2004) lists these as being prepared from 1996-1998 and consisting of "isolated limb bones 3-4 individuals." Tsogtbaatar and Chinzorig (2010) list this as 960804 BS Ornith. TSGT., "incomplete postcrania" prepared more from 2006-2009.
Barsbold et al. (2007) and Kobayashi et al. (2014) mention a specimen discovered in 2005 from Shine Us Khuduk, and reported to possess distinctive characters such as all manual phalanges twisted (I-1 twisted medially), anterior intercondylar fossa on the femur and robust metatarsal V. Kobayshi et al. state it "differs from Garudimimus in having arctometatarsalian metatarsals and the presence of pedal digit I and clearly belongs to Ornithomimidae", but as Garudimimus has pedal digit I this detail may be a typo.
Tsubamoto et al. (2010) state "a ornithomimid skeleton" was discovered in 2007 at Khongil Tsav, listed as 080922 KgT KHB "Ornithomimid skeleton" found on September 22.
Chinzorig et al. (2017) reported a bonebed of at least four individuals of two taxa found in 2010. One individual has an ilium shorter than the pubis as in Garudimimus (but also "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis), one has an arctometatarsus unlike Garudimimus (and like "mongoliensis"), while two manual morphologies are present. "Type I has a proximally positioned medial divergence of metacarpal I and nearly straight slender manual unguals with anteriorly positioned flexor tubercles. Type II has more distally positioned medial divergence of metacarpal I than Type I and ventrally curved robust manual unguals." Type I matches "mongoliensis", while Type II matches at least some unguals of Beishanlong so may be Garudimimus. Tsogtbaatar (2019) described this bonebed, finding at least five individuals and two taxa.
Chinzorig et al. (2018) used two Bayanshiree ornithomimosaur hands besides "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis" IGM 100/14- IGM 100/132 and 100/202. While measurements of 100/132 are provided, the third Bayanshiree ornithomimid is incorrectly labeled IGM 100/125 (an Avimimus specimen) in the supplementary info and no measurements are listed. IGM 100/132 has more strongly curved unguals based on the published graphs, so may be more likely to be Garudimimus while 100/202 would then be "mongoliensis". It's likely one of these specimen numbers is the Shine Us Khuduk specimen.
Garudimimus and "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis" are the two named ornithomomosaurs from this formation, and based on available information part of the Bayshin Tsav bonebed and IGM 100/132 may be Garudimimus, while another part of the Bayshin Tsav bonebed, IGM 100/202 and/or the Shine Us Khuduk skeleton may be "mongoliensis"
References- Maleev, 1956. Pantsyrnye dinosavry verchnego mela Mongolii (Semeustvo Ankylosauridae). Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiy Nauk SSSR. 62, 51-91.
Matsumoto, Hashimoto and Sonoda, 2000. Report of preparation works for Mongolian specimens in HMNS from March 1994 to December 1998. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 113-127.
Suzuki and Watabe, 2000. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1995. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 45-57.
Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1993. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 19-29.
Watabe and Suzuki, 2000b. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1994. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 30-44.
Watabe and Suzuki, 2000c. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1996. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 58-68.
Tsogtbaatar, 2004. Fossil specimens prepared in Mongolian Paleontological Center 1993-2001. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 2, 123-128.
Barsbold, Kobayashi and Kubota, 2007. New discovery of dinosaur fossils from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 44A.
Tsogtbaatar and Chinzorig, 2010. Fossil specimens prepared in Mongolian Paleontological Center: 2002–2008. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 155-166.
Tsubamoto, Saneyoshi, Tsogtbaatar, Chinzorig, Khatanbaatar, Mainbayar and Suzuki, 2010. Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2008. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 29-39.
Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Kubota, Lee, Lee and Barsbold, 2014. New ornithomimid from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2014. 161.
Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Saneyoshi, Tsogtbaatar, Badamkhatan and Ryuji, 2017. Multitaxic bonebed of two new ornithomimids (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formnation of southeastern Gobi desert, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2017, 97.
Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Takasaki, Tanaka, Iijima and Barsbold, 2018 (online 2017). Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: Manus morphological variation and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494, 91-100.
Tsogtbaatar, 2019. Evolution, diversity, and disparity of ornithomimosaurs (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. PhD thesis, Hokkaido University. [pp]

undescribed Ornithomimosauria (Khand, Badamgarav, Ariunchimeg and Barsbold, 2000)
Santonian-Campanian?, Late Cretaceous
Javkhlant Formation, Mongolia
Reference- Khand, Badamgarav, Ariunchimeg and Barsbold, 2000. Cretaceous system in Mongolia and its depositional environments. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. 17, 49-79.

unnamed ornithomimosaur (Makovicky and Norell, 1998)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Ukhaa Tolgod, Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia
Material- (IGM 100/987) (adult) partial braincase, proatlantal fragment, cervical vertebrae, posterior cervical rib, anterior dorsal vertebra (33 mm)
Comments- This specimen was found in 1993 mixed with the Byronosaurus paratype. It differs from Struthiomimus and Gallimimus in having shallow basal tubera; Struthiomimus and Garudimimus in having a tubercle between the basal tubera; Struthiomimus, Sinornithomimus and Garudimimus (but not Gallimimus) in the absence of a posterior supraoccipital ridge; Gallimimus and Garudimimus in having a narrow quadrate; and Gallimimus, Sinornithomimus and Garudimimus (but not Dromiceiomimus) in having a deep posterior quadrate fossa. This was referred to Gallimimus bullatus by Kobayashi (2004) without comment, but is more likely to be the contemporaneous Aepyornithomimus.
References- Makovicky and Norell, 1998. A partial ornithomimid braincase from Ukhaa Tolgod (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates. 3247, 16 pp.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.

unnamed ornithomimosaur (Ksepka and Norell, 2004)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Ukhaa Tolgod, Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia
Material- (IGM 100/1245) incomplete premaxillae, nasal fragments, anterior dentary, dentary fragment, several dorsal vertebral fragments
Comments- This material differs from Garudimimus, Sinornithomimus and Gallimimus in the shape of the mandible, and may be the same taxon as IGM 100/987 and/or Aepyornithomimus from the same formation. The latter specimen (a braincase) is much smaller than 100/1245 though, and its closed sutures suggest it is an adult. Thus 100/1245 may represent a distinct larger species of ornithomimosaur.
Reference- Ksepka and Norell, 2004. Ornithomimosaur cranial material from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates. 3448, 4 pp.

undescribed Ornithomimosauria (ZPAL online 1996)
Late Campanian(?)-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Khermeen Tsav II, Baruungoyot or Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Material- (060902 KmT-II GRL) metatarsals (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
Late Campanian(?)-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Baruungoyot or Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(ZPAL MgD-I/35) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/50) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/53) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/56) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/57) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/79) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/80) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/82) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/83) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/84) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/89) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/91) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/179) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/180) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/181) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/182) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/183) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/184) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/185) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/186) (ZPAL online 1996)
(ZPAL MgD-I/187) (ZPAL online 1996)
Comments- The ZPAL specimens are listed as ornithomimid indet. on the ZPAL collection website. Watabe et al. (2010) listed 060902 KmT-II GRL as ornithomimid metatarsals, found on June 9 2006. They may be Gallimimus, Anserimimus, one of the unnamed Nemegt ornithomimosaurs, or even juvenile Deinocheirus.
References-ZPAL online 2006. http://www.paleo.pan.pl/collect.htm#Mon-reptilia
Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010. Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2006. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 11-18.

undescribed Ornithomimosauria (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Altan Uul, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Material- (uncollected?) elements (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000b)
(uncollected?) elements (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Bugin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(IGM coll.; 060823 BgT TSGT) tibia (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
(IGM coll.; 060824 BgT TSGT) metatarsals (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Gurilin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(uncollected?) ilium, pubis (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a)
(uncollected?) elements (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Khaichin Uul I, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(MUST coll.) proximal femur (Badamkhatan, 2008)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Nemegt, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(uncollected?) ribs, scapular fragments, distal tibia, phalanges (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Tsagaan Khushuu, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(uncollected?) elements (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Yagaan Khovil, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(IGM coll.; 000811 YK-C BON Ornithomimid) partial postcranial skeleton including cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, femur, tibia, fibula, pedal phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II, distal metatarsal III, phalanx III-1 (~44 mm), phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV, pedal ungual II or IV, fragments (Watabe and Tsogtbaatar, 2004)
(uncollected?) ungual (Watabe and Tsogtbaatar, 2004)
Comments- Watabe and Suzuki (2000a) mention a "ornithomimid pelvic part (pubis-ilium)" found on September 16 1993 from Gurilin Tsav, as well as "ornithomimid bones: ribs, distal end of tibia, digits, and scapula fragments." found on September 24-29 1993 at the Northern Sayr.
Watabe and Suzuki (2000b) report "isolated bones of ... ornithomimid" discovered on July 21-28 at Altan Uul IV.
Watabe and Tsogtbaatar (2004) stated "an ornithomimid partial skeleton" was found on August 10-11 2000, later described as "partially articulated postcranial elements of ornithomimid". The pes is photographed as "a pes of an ornithomimid dinosaur discovered in Yagaan Khovil", though note that the artificial articulation switched phalanx III-3 and IV-3+IV/4. The third metatarsal is arctometatarsalian. Tsogtbaatar (2004) indicates the specimen was prepared in 2001 and consists of "femur, tibia, fibula, pes, cervical and dorsal vertebrae." Watabe and Tsogtbaatar also stated "a claw of an ornithomimid" was discovered on July 21, and that "ornithomimid digits and claws" were found.
Discovered in 2005, Badamkhatan (2008) stated "a right proximal end of a theropod femur was also collected, and it is tentatively identified as an ornithomimid, possibly Gallimimus."
Watabe et al. (2010) wrote "isolated bones and partial skeletons of ornithomimid (Theropoda) (probably of Gallimimus)" were found in 2006, two specimens of which were labeled Ornithomimid instead of Gallimimus- 060823 BgT TSGT and 060823 BgT TSGT found on June 23 and 24 respectively. They also stated "isolated bones of ornithomimid" were found that year in Altan Uul and Gurilin Tsav, and "isolated and articulated bones of ... ornithomimid" at Tsaagan Khushuu, but did not list collected material.
References- Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1993. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 19-29.
Watabe and Suzuki, 2000b. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1997. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 69-82.
Tsogtbaatar, 2004. Fossil specimens prepared in Mongolian Paleontological Center 1993-2001. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 2, 123-128.
Watabe and Tsogtbaatar, 2004. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 2000. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 2, 45-67.
Badamkhatan, 2008. Dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Mongolian locality of Khaichin I. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28(3), 47A.
Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010. Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2006. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 11-18.

undescribed ornithomimosaur (Lee, Barsbold, Jacobs and Currie, 2008)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Ulaan Khushuu, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Material- (?IGM coll.) skull, mandibles, cervical series, dorsal series, dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, pectoral girdle, forelimbs, pelvis, hindlimbs, gastroliths, fish vertebrae
Diagnosis- (after Kobayashi et al., 2010) additional ridge along deltopectral crest; nearly straight manual unguals; accessory ventral process on lateral posterior condyle of proximal tibia.
Comments- This was first announced by Lee et al. (2008) before being briefly described by Kobayashi et al. (2010). Stated to share a laterally displaced coracoid glenoid with Gallimimus and Anserimimus, and anteriorly extended pubic boot and large acute angle between dorsal edge of pubic boot and shaft with Dromiceiomimus and Struthiomimus, but to be unlike the latter two in the lack of a ventrally expanded pubic boot.
References- Lee, Barsbold, Jacobs and Currie, 2008. A short report of Korea-Mongolia International Dinosaur Project (1st and 2nd year). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28(3), 104A-105A.
Kobayashi, Lee, Lu, Ryan and Currie, 2010. A nearly complete skeleton of a new ornithomimid from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2010, 116A.

undescribed ornithomimosaur (You, 2002)
Early Albian, Early Cretaceous
Lower Red Beds of Zhonggou Formation, Gansu, China
Material- (?IVPP coll.) two partial manus, distal femur, tibia, fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsal II, metatarsal III, metatarsal IV
Comments- You (2002) noted this is arctometatarsalian.
Reference- You, 2002. Mazongshan dinosaur assemblage from late Early Cretaceous of northwest China. PhD thesis. University of Pennsylvania. 132 pp.
You, Morschhauser, Li and Dodson, 2018. Introducing the Mazongshan dinosaur fauna. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38(supp. 1), 1-11.

undescribed ornithomimosaur (Lu, Xu, Jiang, Jia, Li, Yuan, Zhang and Ji, 2009)
Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous
Haoling Formation, Henan, China
Material- (41HIII coll.) (at least seven individuals) cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, scapulae, (field number KLR07-62-136) ilium, femora, tibiae and pes (continued below)
(field number KLR07-62-31) distal tarsal, metatarsal II, incomplete metatarsal III, metatarsal IV
(field number KLR07-62-33-2) distal tarsal, metatarsal II, metatarsal III, metatarsal IV
distal tarsal, metatarsal II, metatarsal III, metatarsal IV
incomplete metatarsal II, incomplete metatarsal III, incomplete metatarsal IV
distal tarsal, metatarsal II, fragmentary metatarsal III, metatarsal IV
(field number KLR07-62-16) distal tarsal, metatarsal I, phalanx I-1, pedal ungual I, incomplete metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II, incomplete metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, incomplete metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV
(field number KLR07-62-02) metatarsal II, partial metatarsal III, metatarsal IV
distal tarsal, metatarsal II, partial metatarsal III, metatarsal IV
Comments- While originally assigned to the Mangchuan Formation, Xu et al. 2012 split this into three new formations and revised their ages.
This taxon has an arctometatarsus and narrow metatarsus, but retains pedal digit I. The ilium is similar in shape to basal oviraptorosaurs, but is said to have a deep brevis fossa and strong supracetabular crest as in ornithomimosaurs.
Reference- Lu, Xu, Jiang, Jia, Li, Yuan, Zhang and Ji, 2009. A preliminary report on the new dinosaurian fauna from the Cretaceous of the Ruyang Basin, Henan province of Central China. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. 25(1), 43-56.

undescribed ornithomimosaur (Zhao, 1983)
Late Cretaceous
Zonggo Formation, Tibet, China
Material- (IVPP coll?)
Comments- This specimen was discovered in 1976 (An et al., 2021) and first reported by Zhao (1983), who while discussing the evolution of dinosaurs in China noted "ornithomimids (Ornithomimus Marsh)" in the Late Cretaceous. It might be surmised Zhao was referring to an undescribed Chinese specimen of Ornithomimus, which is strengthened by the later mention of an Ornithomimus species from the same deposits as other Late Cretaceous taxa Zhao mentions ("Megacervixosaurus"). As with other new Tibetan taxa listed by Zhao (1983), it was probably supposed to be described by Zhao in the published version of his doctoral dissertation "The Mesozoic vertebrate remains of Xizang (Tibet), China", in the second Palaeontology of Xizang volume. Yet this volume is only referenced by Zhao (1983; which was submitted in September 1981) and seems never to have been printed, though the previous volume was published by the IVPP in 1980 and the third by the NIGP in 1981. Olshevsky (DML, 1999) notes the IVPP rejected the paper as unpublishable. Zhang and Li (1997) list Ornithomimus sp. from the Zonggu Formation of Zonggu, Markam County, Xizang. Weishampel et al. (2004) list it as Ornithomimus sp. from the Zonggo Formation of Xizang Zizhiqu and refer it to Ornithomimosauria. Whether it is actually Ornithomimus is unknown, though this is doubtful given its presence in Asia
References- Zhao, "1983" [unpublished]. The Mesozoic vertebrate remains of Xizang (Tibet), China. The Series of the Scientific Expeditions to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Palaeontology of Xizang. 2, 1-200.
Zhao, 1983. Phylogeny and evolutionary stages of Dinosauria. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 28(1-2), 295-306.
Zhang and Li, 1997. Mesozoic Dinosaur Localities in China and Their Stratigraphy. In Wolberg, Sump and Rosenberg (eds.). Dinofest International. 265-273.
Olshevsky, DML 1999. https://web.archive.org/web/20200720012936/http://dml.cmnh.org/1999Nov/msg00507.html
Weishampel, Barrett, Coria, Le Loeuff, Xu, Zhao, Sahni, Gomani and Noto, 2004. Dinosaur Distribution. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 517-606.
An, Wang, Li, Wang and Wang, 2021. New discovery of Jurassic dinosaur fossils in Chaya area, Qamdu district, Tibet. Geological Bulletin of China. 40(1), 189-193.

undescribed Ornithomimosauria (Ikegami, 2016)
Cenomanian-Coniacian, Late Cretaceous
Upper Formation of the Mifune Group, Kumamoto, Japan
Material- (MDM126) incomplete distal caudal vertebra (36.7 mm)
(MDM2001) incomplete manual ungual
Reference- Ikegami, 2016 (online 2015). The first record of an ornithomimosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Japan. Historical Biology. 28(1-2), 264-269.

unnamed possible ornithomimosaur (Stilwell, Consoli, Sutherland, Salisbury, Rich, Vickers-Rich, Currie and Wilson, 2006)
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Takatika Grit, New Zealand
Material- (GNS CD 579) manual ungual (15.3 mm)
Comments- Stilwell et al. (2006) find this is similar to ornithomimosaurs in the low recurvature and distally placed flexor tubercle.
Reference- Stilwell, Consoli, Sutherland, Salisbury, Rich, Vickers-Rich, Currie and Wilson, 2006 (online 2005). Dinosaur sanctuary on the Chatham Islands, southwest Pacific: First record of theropods from the K-T boundary Takatika Grit. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230, 243-250.

Garudimimidae Barsbold, 1981
= Garudimiminae Barsbold, 1981 sensu Paul, 1988
References- Barsbold, 1981. Toothless carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia. Sovmestnaia Sovetsko-Mongolskaia Paleontologicheskaia Ekspeditsiia Trudy. 15, 28-39.
Paul, 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster. 464 pp.

Archaeornithomimus Russell, 1972
A. asiaticus (Gilmore, 1933) Russell, 1972
= Ornithomimus asiaticus Gilmore, 1933
Middle-Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, China
Lectotype- (AMNH 6565; field number 140) distal tarsal III, distal tarsal IV, metatarsal II (257 mm), pedal phalanx II-1 (70.8 mm); metatarsal III (286 mm), metatarsal IV (259 mm)
Paralectotype- ?(AMNH 6569; field number 140) radius (140 mm), ulna (148 mm), metacarpal I (46.9 mm), phalanx I-1 (57.2 mm), metacarpal II (54.5 mm), phalanx II-1 (26.7 mm), phalanx II-2 (57 mm), metacarpal III (50.3 mm), phalanx III-2 (16.6 mm), phalanx III-3 (43.5 mm)
Paratypes- ?(AMNH 6558) ischia (280 mm)
?(AMNH 6566) humerus (272 mm), radius (205 mm), ulna (217 mm)
?(AMNH 6567; field number 140) proximal scapula (132 mm), coracoid (110.6 mm long, 64.5 high), humerus (256 mm)
?(AMNH 6568) proximal metatarsal III, distal metatarsal III, proximal metatarsal IV, distal metatarsal IV, metatarsal shaft fragment (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 6570; field number 140) (multiple individuals) axis (lost?), cervical vertebra (~52 mm), cervical centrum, anterior dorsal vertebra (~45 mm), three posterior dorsal vertebrae (~50, ~50 mm), two dorsal centra (~35, ~57 mm), four dorsal rib fragments, sixth sacral centrum (~76 mm), sacral centrum (~55 mm), three incomplete proximal caudal vertebrae (~55 mm), seven proximal caudal centra (~49, ~49, ~50, ~51, ~52, ~53, ~55, ~58, ~63 mm), three mid caudal vertebrae (~30 mm), six incomplete mid caudal vertebrae (~40, ~42, ~46, ~48, ~53 mm), eight mid caudal centra (39, ~42, ~42, ~62, ~64 mm), six incomplete distal caudal vertebrae (42, 44, ~46, ~46, 51 mm), eleven distal caudal centra (~50 mm), humerus (~291 mm), five radii (~159, ~190, ~200, ~207, ~210 mm), metacarpal I, two phalanges I-1, five manual unguals I (~56, ~60, ~84 mm), three metacarpals II (~133 mm), three phalanges II-1 (~27, ~32 mm), three phalanges II-2, three manual unguals II (~59, ~65 mm), two metacarpals III, phalanx III-1 (~15 mm), two phalanges III-3, manual ungual III (~61 mm), manual ungual II or III (~58 mm), seven metacarpals or penultimate phalanges, manual ungual, incomplete ilium (~380 mm), distal pubis, three femora (156.7, 402.0, 302.0 mm), two distal femora, three tibiae (301.0, 346.0, 423.0 mm), seven proximal tibiae, four distal tibiae, proximal fibula(?), four astragali, two calcanea, proximal metatarsal II, eight phalanges II-1, four phalanges II-2 (~23 mm), two distal metatarsals III, six phalanges III-1, four phalanges III-2, phalanx III-3, phalanx II-1 or III-1/2, two phalanges II-2 or III-3, two metatarsals IV (~287, ~289 mm), distal metatarsal IV, two phalanges IV-1, five phalanges IV-2 (~24, ~26, ~34 mm), three phalanges IV-3 (~21 mm), two phalanges IV-4, phalanx IV-? (~21 mm), two metatarsals, four metatarsal shaft fragments, four pedal phalanges, nine pedal unguals, six long hindlimb bones, long bone shaft, ungual, fragments
?(AMNH 6576; field number 141) (multiple individuals) partial posterior cervical vertebra (~59 mm), two dorsal rib fragments, seven partial mid caudal vertebrae (~34, ~42, ~45, ~45, ~47, ~47, ~49, ~50 mm), three mid caudal centra (~35, ~37 mm), six distal caudal vertebrae (~46, ~50, ~50, ~51, ~62 mm), partial distal caudal vertebra, three distal caudal centra (~35, ~44 mm), two incomplete coracoids, proximal humerus, radius, ulna, two phalanges I-1 (~100, ~114 mm), two manual unguals I (~66 mm), two manual unguals II, phalanx III-2 (~26 mm), manual ungual fragment, partial ilium, femur, two proximal femora, tibia (417.0 mm), distal tibia, seven distal tarsals, two proximal (?)metatarsals I, distal metatarsal II, three phalanges II-1 (~22, ~53, ~56 mm), three phalanges II-2 (~25, ~28, ~30 mm), two proximal metatarsals III, six distal metatarsals III, phalanx III-1 (~55 mm), two phalanges III-2 (~23, ~40 mm), phalanx III-3 (~33 mm), three metatarsals IV (~252 mm), three proximal metatarsals IV, two distal metatarsals IV, three phalanges IV-1 (~27, ~31, ~37 mm), two phalanges IV-2 (~25, ~29 mm), two phalanges IV-3 (~20, ~20 mm), two phalanges IV-4 (~17, ~21 mm), four metatarsal shaft fragments, two pedal unguals (~33 mm), distal metatarsal or phalanx, proximal phalanx, fragments
?(AMNH 21786; = AMNH 6576; field number 141) fifth cervical vertebra (69.5 mm)
?(AMNH 21787; = AMNH 6576) eighth cervical vertebra (64 mm)
?(AMNH 21788; = AMNH 6576; field number 140) tenth cervical vertebra (56.9 mm), first dorsal vertebra (53.5 mm), second dorsal vertebra (47.7 mm), third dorsal vertebra (45.7 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (45 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (48.5 mm), incomplete sixth dorsal vertebra (49.8 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (50.3 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (53 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (56.6 mm)
?(AMNH 21789; = AMNH 6576; field number "140-141") incomplete third dorsal vertebra (~55 mm), incomplete fourth dorsal vertebra, partial fifth dorsal vertebra (47.1 mm), partial sixth dorsal vertebra (48.3 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (50.5 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (53.4 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (51.9 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (52.9 mm)
?(AMNH 21790; = AMNH 6576) second sacral vertebra (64.9 mm), third sacral vertebra (62.5 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (53.5 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (61.8 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (54.5 mm), incomplete first caudal vertebra (54.9 mm), second caudal vertebra (56.9 mm), third caudal vertebra (51.7 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (48.5 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (47.8 mm), ilium (114 mm)
?(AMNH 21791; = AMNH 6576) third caudal vertebra (53.5 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (49.9 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (49.9 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (49.7 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (52.5 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (49 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (50.3 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (49.2 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (42.8 mm)
?(AMNH 21792; = AMNH 6576; field number 141) distal caudal vertebra (46.3 mm), distal caudal vertebra (45.3 mm), distal caudal vertebra (47.2 mm), distal caudal vertebra (46.7 mm), distal caudal vertebra (47.3 mm), distal caudal vertebra (46.2 mm), distal caudal vertebra (42.4 mm), distal caudal vertebra (41.7 mm), partial distal caudal vertebra
?(AMNH 21793; = AMNH 6576) distal caudal vertebra (44.9 mm), distal caudal vertebra (45.7 mm), distal caudal vertebra (44.8 mm), distal caudal vertebra (44.5 mm), distal caudal vertebra (41.5 mm), distal caudal vertebra (42.5 mm), distal caudal vertebra (39.5 mm), incomplete distal caudal vertebra
?(AMNH 21794; = AMNH 6576; field number 141) distal caudal vertebra (~47 mm), distal caudal vertebra (45.5 mm), distal caudal vertebra (45 mm), distal caudal vertebra (44.8 mm)
?(AMNH 21795) nine distal caudal vertebrae (~40, ~43, ~40, ~33, ~34, ~30, ~24, ~23, ~23 mm)
?(AMNH 21796; field number 141) two fused sacral centra (~95 mm), seven sacral centra (~39, ~39, ~40, ~42, ~44, ~46 mm), fragment
?(AMNH 21797; = AMNH 6570; field number 140) astragalus (~73 mm trans)
?(AMNH 21798; = AMNH 6570) pubes (one incomplete; ~284 mm)
?(AMNH 21799; = AMNH 6570; field number 140) pubes (one distal; 303 mm)
?(AMNH 21800; = AMNH 6570; field number 140) femur (314 mm)
?(AMNH 21801; = AMNH 6576; field number 140) tibia (401 mm), astragalus
?(AMNH 21802; = AMNH 6576; field number "140-145 or 149") twelfth caudal vertebra (44 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (43.3 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (41.5 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (41.6 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (~40 mm)
?(AMNH 21803; = AMNH 6570) pedal ungual (~37 mm)
?(AMNH 21884; = AMNH 6570; field number 140) metacarpal II (~81 mm)
?(AMNH 21885; = AMNH 6570; field number 140) manual ungual I (~50 mm)
?(AMNH 21886; = AMNH 6570) manual ungual I
?(AMNH 21887; = AMNH 6570) manual ungual II
?(AMNH 21888; = AMNH 6570) manual ungual II
?(AMNH 21889; = AMNH 6570) metacarpal II
?(AMNH 21890; = AMNH 6576; field number 141) manual ungual II (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 21891; = AMNH 6570) manual ungual III (~44 mm) (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 21892; = AMNH 6570) manual ungual III (AMNH online)
?(AMNH coll.; lost?) proximal scapula, two humeri
Referred- ?(AMNH 6267) vertebral centra, pedal elements (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 6268) fragments (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 21597) incomplete manual ungual (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 21626; field number 141) metatarsal II (~183 mm), distal metatarsal III, phalanx III-1 (~40 mm), phalanx III-2 (~33 mm), metatarsal IV fragment, phalanx IV-1 (~27 mm) (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 21627; field number 141) anterior dorsal centrum (~56 mm), metatarsal shaft, phalanx III-1 (~59 mm), phalanx IV-3 (~19 mm) (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 30240A) astragalus (~46 mm trans) (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 30240B; field number 142) proximal metatarsal IV (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 30240C; field number 142) proximal metatarsal II (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 30240D) partial proximal caudal centrum, mid caudal centrum (~48 mm) (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 30240E; field number 142) distal caudal vertebra (~39 mm) (AMNH online)
?(AMNH 30240F) incomplete manual ungual, pedal ungual (AMNH online)
?(AMNH coll.) (juvenile) distal caudal vertebra (Makovicky, 1995)
?(Inner Mongolian Museum coll.) skeletons (Currie and Eberth, 1993)
?(IVPP and PIN coll.) >1000 elements (Chow and Rozhdestvensky, 1960)
?(IVPP or PIN coll.; lost) partial skull (Currie and Eberth, 1993)
?(IVPP coll.) material (Dong, 1993)
?(IVPP coll.) elements (Yao, Wang, Sullivan, Wang, Stidham and Xu, 2015)
?(LH-02-01) (subadult) incomplete synsacrum (?, 72.6, 61.8, 68.7, 83.6, 80.9 mm), first caudal vertebra (65.2 mm), incomplete ilia, pubes (434.0, 417.2 mm), ischia (357.8, 340.5 mm) (Yao, Sullivan, Tan and Xu, 2022)
?(SBDE 95E5 coll.) caudal vertebra (Godefroit, Dong, Bultynck, Li and Feng, 1998)
Comments- The type material was discovered in 1923 between April 22 and May ~25, and described briefly by Gilmore in 1933 as Ornithomimus asiaticus. AMNH 30240 specimens were collected in April 30 1923. When Russell (1972) split Ornithomimus into several genera, he made asiaticus the type species of Archaeornithomimus. Smith and Galton (1990) later described some of the material in detail, while Watanabe et al. (2015) described vertebral pneumaticity in detail.
The remains of Archaeornithomimus are largely disassociated and were originally catalogd under a few specimen numbers (AMNH 6558, 6565-6570, 6576). AMNH 6570 and 6576 were later split into several new specimen numbers each, to ensure each number represented one individual, but a large amount of material remains catalogd under their original numbers. Smith and Galton (1990) also listed AMNH 6558, 6566 and 6567 as being recatalogd under new numbers, but these numbers correspond to additional specimens in the AMNH collections (pers. obs.). Specifically, the ischia AMNH 6558 are mistakenly said to be recatalogd as 21798 (actually pubes). The forelimb AMNH 6566 is mistakenly said to be recatalogd as 21796 (actually sacral vertebrae). The pectoral girdle and humerus AMNH 6567 are mistakenly said to be recatalogd as 21795 (actually nine distal caudal vertebrae). The AMNH online catalog still has a listing for 6576 as "4 coossified sacral vertebrae etc.", though those sacrals are actually recatalogd as 21790. This agrees with Smith and Galton's statement the vertebrae of 6576 were later recatalogd and separated as 21786-21794, though it should be noted some vertebral material remains in 6576. However, most of the material under that number consists of over seventy appendicular elements which are not mentioned in the online catalog and have never been described. Smith and Galton also mistakenly switch the specimen numbers of AMNH 6566 and 6567. AMNH 21797 is a partial astragalus, contra the AMNH online database which lists it as neural spines. Smith and Galton list proximal caudal neural spines of 6576 as being recatalogd as 21889, though that number is a metacarpal II. There doesn't appear to be an actual specimen consisting solely of neural spines, though those of 21791 are broken from their centra. Smith and Galton miss two more anterior dorsal vertebrae in 21789, bringing the total to eight. The new specimen numbers AMNH 21884 and 21888 are switched, with the metacarpal stated to be 21888 and the ungual 21884. AMNH 21792 consists of eight and a half articulated distal caudals and AMNH 21794 consists of three articulated distal caudals plus a separate more proximal distal caudal, suggesting Smith and Galton's Table 2 switched these as it lists three articulated vertebrae for 21792 and eight for 21794. They also switched the identifications of manual phalanges III-2 and III-3 and II-1 and II-2. Currie and Eberth (1993) noted both Gilmore and Smith and Galton misidentified pedal phalanx II-1 of the lectotype as IV-1, which seems correct given its morphology. The AMNH online catalog doesn't have any material listed for AMNH 6570, though an enormous amount of material is catalogd under that number in the museum. While Makovicky (1995) listed an axis, sacrum and pelvis under that number, no axis was observed in the collection, only two sacral centra were present, and the only pelvic elements under that number are an ilium and distal pubis. Watanabe et al. (2015) state "Based on manual articulation of disarticulated sacral vertebrae, we identify the two sacral vertebrae (AMNH FARB 21790) sampled for this study as the second and third sacral vertebrae", but these are the second and third caudals as identified by Smith and Galton as confirmed by personal observation when sacrals 2-5 were on loan articulated to the ilium. Similarly, two of the proximal caudals Watanabe et al. call AMNH 21790 are actually the last two vertebrae in AMNH 21802. Gilmore (1933) noted two proximal scapulae were present in the Archaeornithomimus material, but only one was observed in the collections. Similarly, he lists six humeri as present, but only four were located.
Similarly problematic are the localities the specimens were discovered at, as Smith and Galton (1990) claim "Specimen numbers AMNH 6558, 6565, 6569, and 6576 from Quarry 140; AMNH 6570 from Quarry 141", but as the field numbers above show (taken from personal observation at the AMNH) that this either isn't always true or wasn't recorded correctly (e.g. 6576 from 141, as well as 21786, 21890, 21792 and 21794 that were originally parts of 6576; 6570 from 140, as well as 21797, 21799-21802, 21884 and 21885 that were originally parts of 6570). AMNH 30240 was from the more northward Quarry 142.
Other material- The AMNH catalog lists 6267 and 6268 as Ornithomimus sp., but they are probably Archaeornithomimus based on stratigraphy. Given their lower specimen numbers, it is likely these were recovered in the initial reconnaissance expedition to Iren Dabasu in 1922 (April 25 to May 7) and represent the "Carnivorous dinosaurs of at least two genera, the smaller one being of the Ornithomimus type" reported by Granger and Berkey (1922). Indeed, those authors later state "Remains of the small Ornithomimus-like creature are particularly abundant and the last day at Iren Dabasu we picked up probably fifty good foot bones and centra from two or three knolls", which matches the listed material. The locality of AMNH 6267 is listed as "Iren Dabasu Sta. 1 1/2 SW of auto trail", so was plausibly from one of the western AMNH quarries (131-138), as opposed to the type material that was from the Kaisen Quarry (AMNH locality 140) and Johnson Quarry (AMNH locality 141) which were discovered the following year. The AMNH online catalog also lists AMNH 21626 and 21627 as possibly referrable to Archaeornithomimus. AMNH 21597 is figured as therizinosaurid ungual on the AMNH online catalog, but the low curvature and distally placed flexor tubercle are instead almost identical to Archaeornithomimus (e.g. AMNH 6570, 6576). Currie and Eberth (1993) state "The present whereabouts of a partial skull found by the Sino-Soviet expedition is currently unknown", but their paper's details indicate it was found in June 1959 from their localities K (= AMNH locality 141?), L or P, and initially stored in either the IVPP or PIN. Chow and Rozhdestvensky (1960) specified the timing of excavations to be June 14 to July 17 and state "materials collected include ... small ornithopods (of Struthiomimus type)", with 'ornithopods' presumably a typo for 'theropods', and Currie and Eberth state "more than a thousand bones" were identified as ornithomimid in the filed from the Sino-Soviet expedition. Currie and Eberth also say that after the joint BMNH - Inner Mongolian Museum expeditions of 1972-1977, "Some of the specimens (including ornithimimid ... skeletons) were prepared for display in Hohhot", with casts at the Erenhot Dinosaur Museum. These were mostly from localities on the west side of Iren Nor. Dong (1992) noted that "Archaeornithomimus is the most common species in the bone beds" where the CCDP excavated in July 1988 (and later in 1990), which would have ended up in the IVPP as no theropod body fossils from Iren Dabasu are at the TMP. A distal caudal described by Makovicky (1995) as Avimimus "has the morphology of a typical coelurosaurian distal caudal, but is otherwise undiagnostic. The possibility that it may originate from an avimimid is suggested by its small size. It should be noted, however, that it could just as conceivably be from the tail of a juvenile Archaeornithomimus from the same bonebed." Indeed, the A. nemegtensis bonebed show Avimimus has short distal caudals like other caenagnathoids and unlike ornithomimosaurs, so this specimen is here referred to Archaeornithomimus. Godefroit et al. (1998) reported "one single ornithomimid caudal vertebra" from the Bactrosaurus bonebed they described from Locality SBDE 95E5, slightly to the west of AMNH locality 140. Yao et al. (2015) note "small unarticulated bones and teeth, including fossils of ... ornithomimids" from "a rare microvertebrate locality within the Iren Dabasu Formation, about 16 km northeast of Erenhot City."
More than one taxon? There is non-ornithomimid material catalogd under Archaeornithomimus, including a juvenile ?Bactrosaurus ungual (in AMNH 6576), a small ?troodontid pedal ungual I (in AMNH 6576) and part of an ?oviraptorid manual ungual I (in AMNH 6570).
Currie and Eberth noted variability in preserved elements, suggesting more than one species of ornithomimosaur are represented. They further suggested this additional species may be Garudimimus based on the possible presence of pedal digit I in Archaeornithomimus, the incorrect view that Garudimimus may have been arctometatarsalian, and supposedly similar metatarsal ratio. Kobayashi (2004) determined Garudimimus really does lack an arctometatarsus though, and showed the metatarsal ratios are not that similar (Currie and Eberth's measurements were based on a photograph). Archaeornithomimus is actually distinct from Garudimimus in having lower dorsal neural arches and spines, lower caudal neural spines, shorter proximal caudal prezygapophyses, lower ilium, more widely flaring supracetabular crest posteriorly, longer and deeper posterior pubic boot, less anteriorly curved femur, less dorsoventrally flared femoral head, smaller accessory trochanter, shallower distal and posterior femoral intercondylar groove, less distinct ectocondylar tuber, smaller cnemial crest, no posterior groove on the proximal tibia, only slightly concave distal astragalar edge, less concavity anteriorly between astragalar condyles, arctometatarsus, distally divergent metatarsal II, large medial flange on distal metatarsal III condyle, narrower anterior edge on distal metatarsal IV, and straight pedal ungual. Described variation includes ulnar curvature, which is also known to vary in Dromiceiomimus, and manual ungual curvature and slenderness, which may be explainable to their belonging to different digits. Further variation and distinction from Garudimimus must rely on unpublished observations of the material, and is probably moot considering more recent age estimates for Iren Dabasu beds being Campanian vs. Cenomianian-Turonian for Garudimimus.
Yao et al. (2022) described pelvis and sacrum LH-02-01 discovered in 2002 from an undocumented locality near Iren Nor. They added the specimen to Choiniere's coelurosaur analysis to recover it as an ornithomimosaur in a polytomy with Nqwebasaurus, Pelecanimimus, Shenzhousaurus, Beishanlong and Deinocheiridae+Ornithomimidae. Supposed differences from Archaeornithomimus are- larger size (ilium 342 vs. 114 mm); "the shortest sacral centrum is the second rather than the third [actually the third instead of the fourth, assuming six sacrals as in Archaeornithomimus- Makovicky, 1995]; the centrum of the first caudal is shorter than that of the fifth [sixth] sacral"; first caudal with flat posterior articular surface vs. concave; first caudal with flat ventral surface vs. median groove; first caudal neural spine posteriorly sloped vs. vertical; pubic shaft straight vs. strongly posteriorly curved; transition between anterior pubic shaft and dorsal edge of pubic foot rounded vs. angled; anterior pubic foot more pointed; obturator process less prominent; ischial foot limited to anterior expansion vs. expanded some posteriorly; ischiopubic ratio 82% vs. 92%. However, it seems the authors depended on the literature for their information on Archaeornithomimus (e.g. thinking the ischia are AMNH 21798 instead of 6558, and that the first caudal would be amphicoelous and grooved because Smith and Galton said in the proximal caudal paragraph "The centra are amphicoelous ... and each has a shallow ventral groove"), and this led to misinformation and incomplete statements. Regarding size, there is an ilium ~380 mm long in AMNH 6570, larger than even LH-02-01. The proximal five caudals of AMNH 21790 all lack median grooves ventrally and the posterior articular surface of the first centrum is still attached to a broken off part of the second centrum so cannot be evaluated. The first caudal neural spine has been broken away since Smith and Galton's drawing, and the shape of the other neural spines differ from the drawing in greater to lesser degrees. There is a distal pubis in AMNH 6570 with an almost identical foot to LH-02-01, including the rounded anterodorsal edge, more pointed anterior foot and shorter posterior foot. Finally, there is no indication pubes AMNH 21799 and ischia AMNH 6558 were associated, and indeed five right proximal tibiae are known from site 140 that can differ in size ~10% from each other. Thus sacra AMNH 21790 and LH-02-01 may be distinct based on central lengths, pubes AMNH 21799 and LH-02-01 / AMNH 6570 (in part) seem to be distinct, as do ischia AMNH 6558 and LH-02-01. However, undescribed pubes AMNH 21798 are intermediate in having a slight anterior bow, rounded anterodorsal transition, less pointed anterior foot and intermediate posterior foot length. This suggests the sacral and ischial differences could easily be due to the low sample size (N = 2) of each element and that considering all of these specimens to be conspecific is the most realistic and functional conclusion. Since the lectotype is a partial pes not comparable to LH-02-01 at all (and without any proposed diagnosis or comparison to other Iren Dabasu ornithomimosaur pedal specimens), the other rational option would be to limit Archaeornithomimus asiaticus to AMNH 6565 and potentially other comparable specimens (e.g. AMNH 6568, 21616, 30240B/C and parts of 6570 and 6576) while leaving the non-pedal specimens as Ornithomimosauria indet.. Alternatively, LH-02-01 and e.g. AMNH 21790 or 6558 could be given names, but again the vast majority of specimens would be incomparable and relegated to Ornithomimosauria indet.. Given this data and pending the description of some of the multitude of unpublished specimens, all Iren Dabasu ornithomimosaurs are listed here under Archaeornithomimus asiaticus. Adding LH-02-01 to Hartman et al.'s maniraptoromorph analysis results in it being sister taxon to Anserimimus, with an enforced sister group of Archaeornithomimus, Beishanlong or Garudimimidae+Ornithomimidae only three steps longer.
For completion's sake, Garudimimus is like AMNH 21790 Archaeornithomimus in having the shortest sacral be the fourth, but like LH-02-01 in having the first caudal shorter than the last sacral, while its pubis has a slight posterior curve like AMNH 21798, angled anterodorsal transition, less pointed anterior foot, and very short posterior foot, indicating it doesn't fit into any of the Iren Dabasu morphotypes.
References- Granger and Berkey, 1922. Discovery of Cretaceous and older Tertiary strata in Mongolia. American Museum Novitates. 42, 7 pp.
Gilmore, 1933. On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 67, 23-78.
Chow and Rozhdestvensky, 1960. Exploration in Inner Mongolia - A preliminary account of the 1959 field work of the Sino-Soviet Plaeontological Expedition. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 4(1), 1-10.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Dong, Currie and Russell, 1989. The 1988 field program of The Dinosaur Project. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 27(3), 233-236.
Smith and Galton, 1990. Osteology of Archaeornithomimus asiaticus (Upper Cretaceous, Iren Dabasu Formation, People's Republic of China). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 10(2), 255-265.
Dong, 1992. Dinosaurian Faunas of China. China Ocean Press. 188 pp.
Currie and Eberth, 1993. Palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoecology of the Iren Dabasu Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Cretaceous Research. 14, 127-144.
Makovicky, 1995. Phylogenetic aspects of the vertebral morphology of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Masters thesis. University of Copenhagen. 311 pp.
Carrano, 1998. The evolution of dinosaur locomotion: Functional morphology, biomechanics, and modern analogs. PhD thesis, The University of Chicago. 424 pp.
Godefroit, Dong, Bultynck, Li and Feng, 1998. Sino-Belgian cooperative program "Cretaceous Dinosaurs and Mammals from Inner Mongolia" 1. New Bactrosaurus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauroidea) material from Iren Dabasu (Inner Mongolia, P.R. China). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. 68, 1-70.
Starck and Chinsamy, 2002. Bone microstructure and developmental plasticity in birds and other dinosaurs. Journal of Morphology. 254, 232-246.
Yao, Zhang and Tang, 2002. Histological study on the Late Cretaceous ornithomimid and hadrosaurid. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 41, 241-250.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Watanabe, Gold, Brusatte, Benson, Choiniere, Davidson and Norell, 2015. Vertebral pneumaticity in the ornithomimosaur Archaeornithomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) revealed by computed tomography imaging and reappraisal of axial pneumaticity in Ornithomimosauria. PLoS ONE. 10(12), e0145168.
Yao, Wang, Sullivan, Wang, Stidham and Xu, 2015. Caenagnathasia sp. (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Iren Dabasu Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Erenhot, Nei Mongol, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 53(4), 291-298.
Yao, Sullivan, Tan and Xu, 2022. New ornithomimosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda) pelvis from the Upper Cretaceous Erlian Formation of Nei Mongol, north China. Cretaceous Research. 137, 105234.

Archaeornithomimus? bissektensis Nessov, 1995
Mid-Late Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Bissekty Formation, Uzbekistan
Holotype- (CCMGE 726/12457) (juvenile) femur (143 mm)
Referred- ?(CCMGE 431/12457) manual ungual I (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 447/12457) astragalus (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 448/12457) astragalus (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 449/12457) pedal phalanx IV-3 (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 468/12457) manual ungual (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 474/12457) four fused sacral vertebrae (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 475/12457) incomplete distal caudal vertebra (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 476/12457) incomplete distal caudal vertebra (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 479/12457) proximal femur (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 602/12457) proximal ulna? (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 609/12457) pedal ungual (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 610/12457) pedal ungual (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 613/12457) ilial fragment (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 724/12457) femur (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 725/12457) incomplete mid caudal vertebra (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 12457 coll.) tibia (Averianov, 2007)
?(CCMGE 12457 coll.) femur (Nessov, 1995)
?(CCMGE 12457 coll.) metatarsals (Averianov and Sues, 2012)
?(USNM 538119) (adult) femur (247 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(USNM 538188) distal caudal vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 6/16) proximal fibula (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 10/16) femur (~319 mm) (Skutschas, Boitsova, Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 80/16) incomplete proximal caudal vertebra (49.5 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 108/16) posterior dorsal vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 110/16) posterior dorsal vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 111/16) posterior dorsal neural arch (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 116/16) anterior dorsal vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 126/16) distal metatarsal III (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 129/16) incomplete posterior cervical vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 130/16) incomplete anterior cervical vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 134/16) incomplete anterior cervical neural arch (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 135/16) anterior cervical vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 144/16) incomplete astragalus (47 mm across) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 146/16) metacarpal II (78 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 152/16) metacarpal II (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 165/16) (juvenile) femur (79 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 166/16) partial ilium (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 184/16) femur (~216 mm) (Skutschas, Boitsova, Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 185/16) femur (~129 mm) (Skutschas, Boitsova, Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 188/16) proximal metatarsal II (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 190/16) manual ungual (74 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 212/16) manual ungual (17 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 214/16) pedal phalanx II-1 (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 217/16) pedal phalanx III-1 (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 235/16) pedal ungual (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 304/16) femur (~165 mm) (Skutschas, Boitsova, Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 340/16) (adult) incomplete frontal (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 429/16) incomplete distal caudal vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 435/16) mid caudal vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 470/16) scapular fragment (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 490/16) distal metatarsal II (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 535/16) incomplete posterior dorsal vertebra (53.7 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 536/16) incomplete anterior dorsal vertebra (40.8 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 537/16) anterior dorsal vertebra (39.1 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 560/16) distal metacarpal I (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 576/16) distal metatarsal IV (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 597/16) scapular fragment (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 610/16) metacarpal III (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 611/16) metacarpal III (65 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 625/16) distal tibia (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 637/16) incomplete anterior cervical vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 645/16) femur (~288 mm) (Skutschas, Boitsova, Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 673/16) distal metatarsal II (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 791/16) pedal ungual (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 793/16) scapular fragment (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 810/16) frontal (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 811/16) (juvenile) anterior dorsal centrum (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 816/16) pedal phalanx III-2/3 (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 821/16) pedal phalanx IV-3/4 (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 824/16) manual phalanx III-1 (22.6 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 825/16) manual phalanx III-3 (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 834/16) pedal phalanx IV-1 (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 852/16) pedal phalanx III-3 (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 856/16) anterior dorsal vertebra (85.4 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 866/16) three fused sacral vertebrae (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 960/16) incomplete distal caudal vertebra (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 969/16) proximal tibia (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 971/16) proximal tibia (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 972/16) proximal tibia (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 974/16) frontal (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 984/16) proximal ulna (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 985/16) proximal ulna (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 986/16) distal tarsal (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 1005/16) posterior cervical centrum (55.3 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 1011/16) metacarpal II (66 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 1347/16) metatarsal III (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 1400/16) femur (~242 mm) (Skutschas, Boitsova, Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 1401/16) femur (~134 mm) (Skutschas, Boitsova, Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 1404/16) femur (~232 mm) (Skutschas, Boitsova, Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 1424/16) proximal tibia (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 2203/16) incomplete coracoid (Averianov, 2006)
?(ZIN PH 2204/16) proximal humerus (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 2304/16) (juvenile) frontal (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 2373/16) proximal manual phalanx I-1 (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
?(ZIN PH 16 coll.) several partial astragali (Averianov and Sues, 2012)
? ilial fragment (Nessov, 1997)
?(CCMGE, USNM and ZIN coll.) 675 elements including 8 pedal phalanges II-1 (24.9-53.1 mm), 7 phalanges III-1 (41.1-60.8 mm), 9 phalanges IV-1 (15.2-39.5 mm), 7 phalanges II-2, III-2/3 or IV-2/3/4 (20.8-35.3 mm) and 6 pedal unguals (15.4-36.7 mm) (Sues and Averianov, 2016)
Diagnosis- (after Nessov, 1995) medial femoral condyle more projected distally than lateral condyle (also in in Garudimimus and "Saltillomimus").
(after Sues and Averianov, 2016) prominent centrodiapophyseal laminae on proximal caudal vertebrae.
Other diagnoses- Nessov (1995) distinguished bissektensis from Archaeornithomimus asiaticus based on a couple other characters. He stated the shaft was more curved, but a small asiaticus specimen in AMNH 6570 is more curved in lateral view than bissektensis. The narrow greater trochanter in proximal view is similar to other ornithomimids (e.g. Garudimimus, Sinornithomimus, Gallimimus), while it is Archaeornithomimus asiaticus' broad trochanter which is diagnostic. The anterior trochanter is less prominent because it is incompletely preserved in bissektensis.
Comments- Nessov (1995) first published ornithomimid material from the Bissekty Formation, including the femur (CCMGE 726/12457) that he made the holotype of Archaeornithomimus bissektensis and a tentatively referred distal caudal (CCMGE 475/12457). He assigned bissektensis to Archaeornithomimus based its small size (Sues and Averianov, 2016), but Alifanov and Averianov (2006) noted the holotype is juvenile, and furthermore some Archaeornithomimus asiaticus specimens are much larger (femur 402 mm compared to 143 mm in bissektensis). Many of the elements Nessov referred to other dinosaurs have turned out to be ornithomimid as well. These include two femora (including CCMGE 479/12457) tentatively referred to tyrannosaurids, and a manual ungual (CCMGE 431/12457) and pedal unguals (CCMGE 609/12457 and 610/12457) tentatively to Alectrosaurus sp. (Carr, 2005). Averianov (2007) noted a tibia is known from the Bissekty Formation as well, which was also originally assigned to Alectrosaurus by Nessov. It is more similar to Gallimimus than the Bostobe ornithomimid because the proximal end of the fibular crest is approximately level with the distal end of the cnemial crest, and the fibular crest is higher at mid-length than at either end. It differs from both taxa in lacking a trough for the fibula with a posterior crest paralleling the fibular crest. Several other remains assigned to Alectrosaurus by Nessov are also ornithomimosaurian (femora including CCMGE 724/12457, astragali including CCMGE 447/12457 and 448/12457, and metatarsals) according to Averianov and Sues (2012) and Sues and Averianov. Averianov (2006) mentioned a coracoid (probably ZIN PH 2203/16, figured by Sues and Averianov) from the Bissekty Formation lacks the vertical crest distal to the glenoid which is found in the Tokubai and Khodzhakul ornithomimids. Averianov and Sues also mention several partial astragali in the ZIN collection referrable to Ornithomimosauria, one of which (ZIN PH 144/16) was described by Sues and Averianov. Nessov referred incomplete sacrum CCMGE 474/12457 to cf. Gallimimus sp. or Oviraptorosauria, but it was identified as ornithomimid by Sues and Averianov. Nessov also identified CCMGE 449/12457 as a theropod pedal phalanx, which was listed as ornithomimid by Sues and Averianov, and based on comparisons to Gallimimus seems to be IV-3. A theropod distal caudal (CCMGE 476/12457) figured by Nessov was assigned to Ornithomimidae by Sues and Averianov. Another caudal (CCMGE 725/12457) was originally referred to cf. Dryptosaurus, Segnosauria or cf. Hypsibema, but was also assigned to Ornithomimidae by Sues and Averianov. The supposed proximal ulna CCMGE 602/12457 was assigned to ?Hadrosauridae by Nessov, but listed as ornithomimid material by Sues and Averianov. Nessov assigned CCMGE 613/12457 to his Gilmoreosaurus arkhangelskyi as a surangular, and Sues and Averianov assigned it to Ornithomimidae and reidentified it as an ilial fragment (Averianov, pers. comm. 2015). Sues and Averianov also assigned an element figured by Nessov (1997) as an Azhdarcho bone fragment to Ornithomimidae, which is also an ilial fragment (Averianov, pers. comm. 2015).
Sues and Averianov described the Bissekty ornithomimid material in detail, finding no evidence of more than one taxon, but believing the bissektensis holotype to be indeterminate. Unfortunately the authors didn't discuss Nessov's proposed diagnosis, nor did they state which taxa it cannot be distinguished from. They did find two vertebral autapomorphies though (the one not listed above is left out because it is also present in Deinocheirus, Garudimimus and Dromiceiomimus- anterior dorsal anterior and posterior infrazygapophyseal fossae with accessory centrodiapophyseal laminae). The authors did note multiple species could still be represented, which seems like as distinct possibility as little cranial or pelvic material is present, and manual elements are unassociated. When they scored all Bissekty material as one OTU in a version of Choiniere's analysis, it emerged as an ornithomimid more derived than Archaeornithomimus but outside the clade including Sinornithomimus and other genera. Adding this OTU to Hartman et al.'s maniraptoromorph analysis results in it being sister to Archaeornithomimus asiaticus. Similar to the Bissekty oviraptorosaur and dromaeosaurid material, which all may or may not be referrable to Kuszholia and Itemirus respectively, all ornithomimid material is provisionally referred to Archaeornithomimus? bissektensis here.
References- Nessov, 1995. Dinosaurs of northern Eurasia: New data about assemblages, ecology, and paleobiogeography. Institute for Scientific Research on the Earth's Crust, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg. 1-156.
Nessov, 1997. Cretaceous nonmarine vertebrates of Northern Eurasia. Izdatelstvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, Saint Petersburg. 218 pp.
Carr, 2005. Phylogeny of Tyrannosauroidea (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) with special reference to North American forms. PhD thesis. University of Toronto. 1170 pp.
Averianov, 2006. On an ornithomimid dinosaur (Saurischia, Ornithomimosauria) from the Cenomanian of Fergana. Paleontological Journal. 40(3), 23-327.
Averianov, 2007. Theropod dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous deposits in the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. Cretaceous Research. 28(3), 532-544.
Averianov and Sues, 2012 (online 2011). Skeletal remains of Tyrannosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Turonian) of Uzbekistan. Cretaceous Research. 34, 284-297.
Boitsova, Skutschas, Averianov and Sues, 2016. Ontogenetic changes in long-bone histology of an ornithomimid theropod dinosaur from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Turonian) of Uzbekistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts, 100.
Sues and Averianov, 2016 (online 2015). Ornithomimidae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Turonian) of Uzbekistan. Cretaceous Research. 57, 90-110.
Skutschas, Boitsova, Averianov and Sues, 2017 (online 2016). Ontogenetic changes in long-bone histology of an ornithomimid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. Historical Biology. 29(6), 715-729.

"Grusimimus" Molina-Perez and Larramendi, 2019
= "Tsurumimus" Barsbold vide Takei, online 1997
"G. tsuru" Molina-Perez and Larramendi, 2019
Middle-Late Albian, Early Cretaceous
Khuren Dukh, Khuren Dukh Formation, Mongolia
Material- (GIN 960910KD) (~1.5-2 m; subadult) third cervical centrum (45 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (47 mm), incomplete fifth cervical vertebra (43 mm), incomplete sixth cervical vertebra (43 mm), seventh cervical centrum (37 mm), incomplete eighth cervical vertebra (33 mm), anterior dorsal neural spine, fourth dorsal centrum (31 mm), partial fifth dorsal vertebra (32 mm), sixth dorsal centrum (34 mm), seventh dorsal centrum (34 mm), eighth dorsal centrum (36 mm), ninth dorsal centrum (39 mm), partial tenth dorsal centrum (39 mm), eleventh dorsal centrum (37 mm), twelfth dorsal centrum (40 mm), sixteen rows of gastralia, third sacral centrum (40 mm), fifth sacral centrum (35 mm), sixth sacral centrum (35 mm), four proximal caudal vertebrae (26, 34, 28, 25 mm), eleven distal caudal vertebrae (34, 33, 39, 38, 38, 40, 39, 38, 38, 38, 36 mm), chevron, incomplete scapulae, incomplete humerus, radius (123 mm), ulnae (138 mm), phalanx I-1 (81 mm), manual ungual I (49 mm), metacarpals II (65 mm), phalanx II-1 (35 mm), phalanx II-2 (71 mm), manual ungual II (48 mm), metacarpals III (65 mm), phalanx III-1 (19 mm), phalanx III-2 (22 mm), phalanx III-3 (65 mm), manual ungual III (58 mm), partial ilia, pubes, incomplete ischia, femora (273 mm), tibiae (309 mm), fibula (290 mm), astragalus (44 mm wide), calcaneum, distal tarsal III, distal tarsal IV, metatarsal I (28 mm), phalanx I-1 (25 mm), pedal ungual I (20 mm), metatarsals II (one proximal; 186 mm), phalanx II-2 (36 mm), proximal metatarsal III, phalanx III-1 (50 mm), phalanx III-2 (40 mm), partial metatarsals IV, phalanx IV-1 (32 mm), phalanx IV-2 (24 mm), pedal ungual IV, metatarsal V (46 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Kobayashi, 2004) differs from Harpymimus in that is has larger cervical pleurocoels not subdivided by a lamina; deeper supraglenoid depression; less curved manual unguals; larger manual ungual flexor tubercles; larger pedal ungual flexor tubercles.
Comments- Kobayashi (2004) notes and lists the length of metatarsal II, but the illustrated complete metatarsal is labeled III. It is here assumed to be a typo in the figure.
This specimen's history is described in depth on the Dinosaur Kingdom Nakasato website (Takei, online 1997). It was discovered in 1996 by Takei as part of a collaborative research project between International Internship Programs (Japan) and Mongolian Academy of Sciences, and examined by Barsbold at the GIN. Though originally thought to be a Harpymimus, it was identified as a new genus by Barsbold in October as part of a press release. Barsbold met with the Nakasato website support team in April 1997 to discuss the specimen and suggested ""Grusimimus tsuru" or "Tsurumimus" seems to be suitable for this new ostrich-mimic." Both Grus and tsuru mean crane, the latter in Japanese. Molina-Perez and Larramendi (2019) used "Grusimimus tsuru" as a nomen nudum for this specimen. Kobayashi and Barsbold (2002) presented a poster and abstract on the specimen, which they found to be phylogenetically between Harpymimus and Garudimimus. Kobayashi (2004) later described the specimen in depth in his unpublished thesis as Ornithomimosauria indet. and found it to occupy an unresolved trichotomy with Harpymimus and more derived ornithomimosaurs based on a larger analysis. He did note several differences from Harpymimus (see diagnosis), though he stated these could be ontogenetic instead of taxonomic. Kobayashi and Barsbold (2005) mention the taxon as the Huren-duh ornithomimosaur. When and whether it will be formally described and named in a published paper are unknown. Hartman et al. (2019) recovered it as a garudimimid.
References- Takei, online 1997. https://web.archive.org/web/20070612053412/http://www.dino-nakasato.org/en/topics/tsuru/indexTsuru-e.shtml
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2002. A new primitive ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia and the early evolution of Ornithomimosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3), 75A.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2005. Reexamination of a primitive ornithomimosaur, Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981 (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Science. 42(9), 1501-1521.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247
Molina-Perez and Larramendi, 2019. Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Theropods and Other Dinosauriformes. Princeton University Press. 288 pp.

Beishanlong Makovicky, Li, Gao, Lewin, Erickson and Norell, 2010
= "Beishanlong" Makovicky, Li, Gao, Lewin, Erickson and Norell, 2009 online
B. grandis Makovicky, Li, Gao, Lewin, Erickson and Norell, 2010
= "Beishanlong grandis" Makovicky, Li, Gao, Lewin, Erickson and Norell, 2009 online
Late Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Middle Gray-variegated Beds of Xiagou Formation, Gansu, China
Holotype- (FRDC-GS GJ (06) 01-18) (subadult; 626 kg) partial fourth cervical neural arch, two dorsal neural arch fragments, three partial dorsal ribs, two proximal caudal neural spines, three mid caudal vertebrae, five distal caudal vertebrae, four mid chevrons, scapulae (622 mm), coracoids (245, 243 mm), humerus (465 mm), radius (338 mm), ulna (382 mm), phalanx I-1 (204 mm), manual ungual I (160 mm on curve), metacarpal III (169 mm), phalanx III-3 (125 mm), manual ungual III (155 mm on curve), incomplete ischium, femur (660 mm), tibiae (660 mm), fibula (622 mm), incomplete astragalus (125 mm across), calcaneum, metatarsal I, phalanx I-1, pedal ungual I, metatarsal II (366 mm), phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II, metatarsal III (403 mm), metatarsal IV (356 mm), phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, pedal ungual IV
Referred- ?(FRDC-GS JB(07)01-01) pubes (Makovicky, Li, Gao, Lewin, Erickson and Norell, 2010)
Early Albian, Early Cretaceous
Upper Red Beds of the Zhonggou Formation, Gansu, China
Paratype- (FRDC-GS GJ coll.) hindlimb elements
Late Albian, Early Cretaceous
Upper Gray Beds of Zhonggou Formation, Gansu, China
?(IVPP V12756) partial astragalus (126.85 mm across), calcaneum (21.94 mm across), metatarsal II (435 mm), phalanx II-1 (100.23 mm), phalanx II-2 (60.4 mm), pedal ungual II (53.83 mm), incomplete metatarsal III, phalanges III-1 (one distal; 94.77 mm), phalanges III-2 (one distal; ~84 mm), proximal phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-3 (36.04 mm), phalanx IV-4 (27.53 mm), pedal unguals IV (one partial; 45.54 mm) (You, 2002; described by Shapiro, You, Shubin, Luo and Downs, 2003)
Diagnosis- (after Makovicky et al., 2010) large size (also in Deinocheirus, Gallimimus and Ornithomimus? sedens); notched anterior caudal neural spine; mid caudal centra with ventral keel; at least one mid caudal vertebra with accessory neural spine; mid caudal vertebrae with prominent ridges connecting pre- and postzygapophyses; scapula with pronounced fossa at anterior end of supraglenoid buttress; coracoid with prominent lateral ridge emanating from coracoid tuber (also in Archaeornithomimus); curved manual ungual I, but straighter unguals on digits II and III (also in Harpymimus and Archaeornithomimus).
Other diagnoses- Makovicky et al. (2010) noted additional characters in their diagnosis with wider distributions. The shallow coracoid with a deep notch between the glenoid and postglenoid processes, the subarctometatarsal pes and the curved pedal unguals are symplesiomorphic for ornithomimosaurs. The curved ischial shaft is shared with ornithomimids.
Comments- Makovicky et al.'s paper was first released electronically in April 22 2009 but not officially published until January 22 2010. The name was first published in print in September 2009 as part of an SVP abstract (Makovicky et al., 2009), but this was still a nomen nudum as abstracts are not allowed for official publication (ICZN Article 9.10).
IVPP V12756 was discovered in 1999 and mentioned by You (2002), then described by Shapiro et al. (2003) as an unnamed basal ornithomimosaur. Makovicky et al. (2010) described a partial skeleton discovered in 2006 as the new taxon Beishanlong grandis. They thought IVPP V12756 and a pair of pubes found near the holotype in 2007 might be referrable as well, in addition to an undescribed specimen represented by hindlimb elements. Makovicky et al. found Beishanlong is more derived than Shenzhousaurus, but less than Garudimimus in their analysis. Lee et al. (2014) later found it to be closer to Garudimimus than Ornithomimus, which was also the result in Hartman et al. (2019).
References- You, 2002. Mazongshan dinosaur assemblage from late Early Cretaceous of northwest China. PhD thesis. University of Pennsylvania. 132 pp.
Shapiro, You, Shubin, Luo and Downs, 2003. A large ornithomimid pes from the Lower Cretaceous of the Mazongshan area, northern Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23(3), 695-698.
Makovicky, Li, Gao, Norell and Erickson, 2009. Two new coelurosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Xinminpu Group of Gansu Province, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29(3), 140A.
Makovicky, Li, Gao, Lewin, Erickson and Norell, 2010 (online 2009). A giant ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277, 191-198.
Lee, Barsbold, Currie, Kobayashi, Lee, Godefroit, Escuillie and Tsogtbaatar, 2014. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature. 515, 257-260.
You, Morschhauser, Li and Dodson, 2018. Introducing the Mazongshan dinosaur fauna. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38(supp. 1), 1-11.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Garudimimus Barsbold, 1981
G. brevipes Barsbold, 1981
Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Bayshin Tsav, Bayanshiree Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (GIN 100/13) skull (252.2 mm), eleven sclerotic plates, mandibles (246.3 mm), atlas, axis (32 mm), partial third cervical neural arch, partial fourth cervical neural arch, partial fifth cervical neural arch, partial sixth cervical neural arch, partial seventh cervical vertebra, eighth cervical vertebra (64 mm), two partial cervical ribs, incomplete fourth dorsal vertebra (36 mm), incomplete fifth dorsal vertebra (39 mm), incomplete sixth dorsal vertebra (42 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (47 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (52 mm), incomplete ninth dorsal vertebra (47 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (54 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (51 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (52 mm), nine dorsal ribs, fifteen gastralia segments, first sacral vertebra (50 mm), second sacral vertebra (54 mm), third sacral vertebra (51 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (45 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (56 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (54 mm), first caudal vertebra (47 mm), second caudal vertebra (49 mm), third caudal vertebra (48 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (47 mm), ilia (287 mm), pubes (390 mm), femora (371 mm), tibiae (388 mm), fibulae (360 mm), astragalus (66 mm wide), calcaneum, distal tarsal III, distal tarsal IV, metatarsal I (43 mm), phalanx I-1 (35 mm), pedal ungual I, metatarsal II (195 mm), phalanx II-1 (63 mm), metatarsal III (229 mm), phalanx III-1 (59 mm), phalanx III-2 (45 mm), metatarsal IV (212 mm), phalanx IV-1 (43 mm), phalanx IV-2 (35 mm), phalanx IV-3 (28 mm), phalanx IV-4 (27 mm), pedal ungual IV (46 mm), metatarsal V (71 mm)
Diagnosis- (modified from Kobayashi, 2004) jaw articulation positioned more posterior than the postorbital bar; fossae at base of dorsal process of supraoccipital; paired depressions on lateral surface of neural spines at base of proximal caudal vertebra; short ilium compared to pubic length (<80%); deep groove at proximal end of lateral surface of pedal phalanges III-1 and III-2.
Comments- Garudimimus was originally briefly described by Barsbold (1981), with additional elements illustrated by Barsbold (1983) and Barsbold and Osmólska (1990). Currie and Russell (1988) illustrated the metatarsus as Oviraptor sp., incorrectly giving it an arctometatarsal condition. It was described in depth by Kobayashi (2004), which was published as Kobayashi and Barsbold (2005). This redescription showed the supposed orbital horn is actually a disarticulated prefrontal. Holtz (1992; pers. comm. from Norell) first suggested the metatarsus may actually be arctometatarsal and was disarticulated in the holotype. This was also believed by Currie and Eberth (1993), and Holtz (1994) stated the arctometatarsaly was developed in similar degree to Chirostenotes. However, Kobayashi verifies no disarticulation or disortion is present and the metatarsus really is subarctometatarsal. Currie and Eberth used this and the supposedly identical metatarsal length ratios to suggest Garudimimus was present in the Iren Dabasu Formation and that the metatarsus and perhaps other material currently referred to Archaeornithomimus belongs to it. Yet Kobayashi showed that in addition to actually lacking arctometatarsaly, the metatarsal ratios are also quite different. Additional specimens of Garudimimus may be known among the many undescribed Bayanshiree ornithomimosaur specimens that have been reported, including part of Chinzorig's (2017) Bayshin Tsav bonebed and IGM 100/132 of Chinzorig et al. (2018).
References- Barsbold, 1981. Toothless carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia. Sovmestnaia Sovetsko-Mongolskaia Paleontologicheskaia Ekspeditsiia Trudy. 15, 28-39.
Barsbold, 1983. Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Sovmestnaia Sovetsko-Mongolskaia Paleontologicheskaia Ekspeditsiia Trudy. 19, 1-120.
Currie and Russell, 1988. Osteology and relationships of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 25(7), 972-986.
Barsbold and Osmólska, 1990. Ornithomimosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria. University of California Press. 225-244.
Holtz, 1992. An unusual structure of the metatarsus of Theropoda (Archosauria: Dinosauria: Saurischia) of the Cretaceous. PhD thesis. Yale University. 347 pp.
Currie and Eberth, 1993. Palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoecology of the Iren Dabasu Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Inner Mongolia, People s Republic of China. Cretaceous Research. 14, 127-144.
Holtz, 1994. The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14(4), 480-519.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2004. Re-examination of a primitive toothless ornithomimosaur, Garudimimus brevipes, from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24(3), 205A-206A.
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2005. Reexamination of a primitive ornithomimosaur, Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981 (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42(9), 1501-1521.
Cuff and Rayfield, 2015. Retrodeformation and muscular reconstruction of ornithomimosaurian dinosaur crania. PeerJ. 3, e1093.
Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Saneyoshi, Tsogtbaatar, Badamkhatan and Ryuji, 2017. Multitaxic bonebed of two new ornithomimids (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of southeastern Gobi desert, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2017, 97.
Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Takasaki, Tanaka, Iijima and Barsbold, 2018 (online 2017). Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: Manus morphological variation and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494, 91-100.

Ornithomimidae Marsh, 1890
= Struthiomimidae Ostrom, 1972
Definition- (Ornithomimus velox <- Garudimimus brevipes) (Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019; modified from Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2004)
Other definitions- (Ornithomimus velox <- Erlikosaurus andrewsi) (modified from Sereno, 1998)
(Ornithomimus velox <- Shuvuuia deserti) (modified from Sereno, 1999)
(Ornithomimus velox <- Deinocheirus mirificus) (Lee et al., 2014)
(Ornithomimus edmontonicus <- Pelecanimimus polyodon, Harpymimus okladnikovi, Shenzhousaurus orientalis, Garudimimus brevipes) (Sereno, 2017)
Comments- The first definitions published by Sereno are equivalent to Arctometatarsalia (1998) and Ornithomimosauria (1999) as commonly used. His latest (2017) definition is equivalent to Ornithomimidae's standard usage since 1981, and equivalent to Kobayashi and Barsbold's (2004) in all published topologies. Lee et al.'s (2014) new definition depends on their novel topology where Deinocheirus is in a clade with Garudimimus, but if Deinocheirus is more basal it encompassses almost all ornithomimosaurs.
References- Marsh, 1890. Description of new dinosaurian reptiles. The American Journal of Science, series 3. 39, 81-86.
Ostrom, 1972. Dinosaur. In McGraw-Hill Yearbook, Science and Technology. McGraw-Hill. 176-179.
Sereno, 1998. A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen. 210(1), 41-83.
Sereno, 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science. 284, 2137-2147.
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2004. Phylogeny of Ornithomimosauria and its paleobiogeographic implications. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Zoology. China Zoological Society. 50-52.
Lee, Barsbold, Currie, Kobayashi, Lee, Godefroit, Escuillie and Tsogtbaatar, 2014. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature. 515, 257-260.
Sereno, 2017. Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Africa. Ameghiniana. 54, 576-616.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

unnamed clade (Sinornithomimus dongi + Struthiomimus altus)
Diagnosis- jugal and postorbital approach or contact quadratojugal to constrict lower temporal fenestra (unknown in "Grusimimus"; also in Deinocheirus); posterior jugal process concealed laterally by quadratojugal (unknown in "Grusimimus"; also in Deinocheirus); posterior tympanic recess present as opening on anterior surface of paroccipital process (unknown in more basal ornithomimosaurs except Pelecanimimus); length of mid-cervical centra markedly longer than dorsal centra (also in Garudimimus); anteroposterior lengths of cervical neural spines less than one third of neural arch lengths; prezygapophyses of distal caudal vertebrae >40% centrum length (also in Harpymimus); posterior edge of coracoid deeply notched just ventral to glenoid, glenoid lip everted (unknown in in Garudimimus and "Grusimimus"); posterodorsal edge of coracoid expanded, forms triangular subglenoid fossa bounded laterally by coracoid tuber (unknown in more basal ornithomimosaurs except Deinocheirus); sternum unossified (unknown in more basal ornithomimosaurs except Pelecanimimus); length of long axis of ventral/medial condyle less than the same measure of the dorsal/lateral condyle (unknown in in Garudimimus and "Grusimimus"); manus <75% of femoral length; proximal end of metacarpal III is mainly palmar to that of metacarpal II (also in Pelecanimimus); metatarsal I absent (also in Deinocheirus); metatarsals II-IV deeper anteroposteriorly than mediolaterally at midshaft; arctometatarsus.
Comments- This is the traditionally recognized Ornithomimidae, generally thought of as the arctometatarsal ornithomimosaurs lacking pedal digit I. All Late Cretaceous American ornithomimosaur specimens are provisionally placed in this clade, as all valid taxa from that place and time belong to it. While Kobayashi (2004) set the current consensus of a Gallimimus plus Anserimimus clade and an American Struthiomimus plus Dromiceiomimus clade, the former is based on two coracoid characters, both present in Beishanlong as well and at least one (anteriorly placed coracoid tuber) not actually present in Anserimimus. This site instead follows Hartman et al.'s (2019) topology where Gallimimus groups with Struthiomimus and Anserimimus with Dromiceiomimus, based on more character and taxon data. Note Hartman et al.'s pairings take only two more steps in the more recent ornithomimosaur matrix of Xu et al. (2011).
References- Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Xu, Kobayashi, Lu, Lee, Liu, Tanaka, Zhang, Jia and Zhang, 2011 (online 2010). A new ornithomimid dinosaur with North American affinities from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation in Henan Province of China. Cretaceous Research. 32(2), 213-222.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Aepyornithomimus Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Watabe and Barsbold, 2017
A. tugrikinensis Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Watabe and Barsbold, 2017
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Tugrikin Shire, Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM 100/130; 940801 TS-I SZK) incomplete astragalus, calcaneum, distal tarsal III, metatarsal II (201 mm), phalanx II-1 (59.1 mm), phalanx II-2 (32.1 mm), pedal ungual II, metatarsal III (211 mm), phalanx III-1 (52.1 mm), phalanx III-2 (42.7 mm), phalanx III-3 (29.5 mm), pedal ungual III, metatarsal IV (207 mm), phalanx IV-1 (32.9 mm), phalanx IV-2 (24.3 mm), phalanx IV-3 (19.8 mm), phalanx IV-4 (17.7 mm), pedal ungual IV
Diagnosis- (after Tsogtbaatar et al., 2015) robust distal articulation of metatarsal II in dorsal view; pedal ungual II larger than III or IV; elongated and slender pedal digit IV phalanges; laterally tilted medial condyle of pedal phalanx IV-1.
(after Tsogtbaatar et al., 2017) unevenly developed pair concavities on posterior margin of distal tarsal III; proximoventrally rounded ridge on phalanx II-1; elongated pedal unguals.
Comments- This is the "ornithomimid pes" discovered in July 1994 as reported by Watabe and Suzuki (2000), field number 940801 TS-I SZK. Aepyornithomimus was found to be in the clade including Gallimimus, Anserimimus, Struthiomimus and Dromiceiomimus by Tsogtbaatar et al. (2015; 2017) based on the Choiniere et al. dataset.
References- Watabe and Suzuki, 2000. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1994. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 30-44
Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Watabe, Barsbold and Suzuki, 2015. First ornithomimid (Dinosauria) from the Djadokhta Formation (Campanian) of Tugrikin Shire, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 106.
Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Watabe and Barsbold, 2017. First ornithomimid (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Tögrögiin Shiree, Mongolia. Scientific Reports. 7: 5835.
Tsogtbaatar, 2019. Evolution, diversity, and disparity of ornithomimosaurs (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. PhD thesis, Hokkaido University. [pp]

"Coelosaurus" Leidy, 1865 (preoccupied Owen, 1854)
"C". antiquus Leidy, 1865
= Ornithomimus antiquus (Leidy, 1865) Baird and Horner, 1979
= Dryptosaurus antiquus (Leidy, 1865)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Navesink Formation, New Jersey, US
Lectotype- (ANSP 9222) tibiae (396 mm)
Referred- ?(YPM PU 21825) fragmentary tibia (Horner, 1979)
Diagnosis- (after Brusatte et al., 2012) bulbous medial condyle on tibia.
(suggested) cnemial crest anteroposteriorly deep, with anteroproximally sloping proximal edge and angled anterior edge.
Comments- Leidy described the tibiae ANSP 9222 as the new species Coelosaurus antiquus, provisionally assigning AMNH 2550-2553 to the species as a syntype. Cope (1868) made the AMNH specimens the holotype of his new species Laelaps macropus, which was synonymized with C. antiquus again by Matthew and Brown (1922). However, this specimen seems to be a dryptosaurid tyrannosauroid (see entry for Dryptosaurus? macropus).
Baird and Horner (1979) realized the theropod genus Coelosaurus was preoccupied by Coelosaurus (Owen, 1854), an indeterminate centrum with a broken but fused neural arch and subcircular amphicoelous ends. They thus placed the species in Ornithomimus instead, though they did not compare it to other ornithomimids. Horner (1979) referred all Maastrichtian New Jersey ornithomimids to antiquus (though note AMNH 2549 is a crocodylian femur, contra his table), as did Baird (1986) out of convenience. These are a caudal from New Jersey (ANSP 9151), a caudal (MAPS A1226) and femur (YPM PU 22361) from the Mount Laurel-Wenonah Formation, a femur from the Severn Formation (USNM 256614) and a tibial fragment from the Navesink Formation (YPM PU 21825). Only the latter is from the same formation as the lectotype, and while comparable, is too fragmentary to refer with confidence. Baird also stated a pedal phalanx III-1 (MMNS VP103) from the Eutaw Formation of Mississippi was identical to antiquus (comparing to a macropus specimen), but this is probably tyrannosauroid instead. Russell (1972) and Holtz (1992) considered the lectotype indeterminate, Russell within Ornithomimidae and Holtz within Theropoda. Gallagher (1993) regarded all Eastern North American ornithomimosaur specimens as juvenile dryptosaurs including antiquus (listed as "= Dryptosaurus antiquus") and YPM PU 21825. Sullivan (1997) sunk Ornithomimus velox and O. edmontonicus into antiquus as Ornithomimus antiquus, because the edmontonicus holotype and the antiquus lectotype share a distinctive cnemial crest morphology, and because Russell (1972) and most later authors found O. edmontonicus and O. velox to be morphologically identical. Specifically, antiquus has a cnemial crest which has a straight edge parallel to the shaft proximally and then abruptly angles toward the shaft. Indeed, this is absent in Garudimimus, Sinornithomimus, Anserimimus, Gallimimus bullatus and "G." "mongoliensis", but present in Dromiceiomimus brevitertius (including the edmontonicus holotype), D. samueli, Ornithomimus? sedens, and Archaeornithomimus. Struthiomimus is somewhat intermediate. As O. velox is in fact distinct from Dromiceiomimus and doesn't preserve the proximal tibia, this character cannot be used to synonymize it with antiquus or even to place antiquus into Ornithomimus. Ornithomimus? sedens and Dromiceiomimus differ in having a shallower and less proximally angled cnemial crest, while that of Archaeornithomimus is even less angled proximally. Archaeornithomimus further differs in having a large medial bulge placed just posterior to the cnemial crest and in being more flared distally. There are no characters placing antiquus closer to Dromiceiomimus than to Ornithomimus? sedens, so while the tibia does differ from other ornithomimids, it cannot be placed in a known genus or species. Brusatte et al. (2012) agree, finding the taxon to be valid and inside the Gallimimus+Ornithomimus clade.
References- Owen, 1854. Descriptive catalog of the fossil organic remains of Reptilia and Pisces contained in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Taylor & Francis. 184 pp.
Leidy, 1865. Memoir of the extinct reptiles of the Cretaceous formations of the United States. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. 14, 1-135.
Cope, 1868. On the genus Laelaps. American Journal of Science. 2(66), 415-417.
Matthew and Brown, 1922. The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 46(6), 367-385.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Baird and Horner, 1977. A fresh look at the dinosaurs of New Jersey and Delaware. Bulletin, New Jersey Academy of Science. 22, 50.
Baird and Horner, 1979. Cretaceous dinosaurs of North Carolina. Brimleyana. 2, 1-28.
Horner, 1979. Upper Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Bearpaw Shale (marine) of south-central Montana with a checklist of Upper Cretaceous dinosaur remains from marine sediments in North America. Journal of Paleontology. 53(3), 566-577.
Baird, 1986. Upper Cretaceous reptiles from the Severn Formation of Maryland. The Mosasaur. 3, 63-85.
Holtz, 1992. An unusual structure of the metatarsus of Theropoda (Archosauria: Dinosauria: Saurischia) of the Cretaceous. PhD thesis. Yale University. 347 pp.
Gallagher, 1993. The Cretaceous/Tertiary mass extinction event in the northern Atlantic coastal plain. The Mosasaur. 5, 75-154.
Sullivan, 1997. A juvenile Ornithomimus antiquus (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria), from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-na-zin Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 48th Field Conference, Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Four Corners Region. 249-254.
Brusatte, Choiniere, Benson, Carr and Norell, 2012. Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America: Anatomy, systematics, biogeography and new information from historic specimens. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2012, 70.

"Orcomimus" Triebold, 1997
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Hell Creek Formation, Montana, US
Material- (LACM 47520; intended holotype of "Orcomimus") partial skeleton including proximal caudal series, pelvis including pubis, incomplete hindlimbs including metatarsal III, metatarsal IV (~438 mm) and pedal unguals (Glut, 1982)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, US
Material- ?(NSM coll.) distal caudal vertebra, coracoid, phalanges, manual unguals (Triebold and Russell, 1995)
Comments- Triebold and Russell (1995) first used this name in the poster session for their SVP abstract (Olshevsky, DML 1998a), and Triebold (1997) later published it in a faunal list for the Sandy site, along with Struthiomimus and Ornithomimus. Olshevsky (DML, 1998) stated "Dale Russell tells me that Rob Long coined the name when he and Dale were working on Hell Creek theropods (the putative type specimen is at the Los Angeles County Museum). Both have since been sidetracked by other projects and will probably not return to Hell Creek theropods soon." This allows us to connect it to a specimen first mentioned by Glut (1982). He said Russell and Long "will describe some new Upper Cretaceous dinosaurs based upon elements from the Hell Creek beds of Montana, including a new species of large ornithomimid." Russell (1984) listed this as an undescribed genus, to be published by "Long and Russell in prep.". It was then mentioned by DeCourten and Russell (1985) as an "ornithomimid from the Hell Creek Formation (under study by R.A. Long and D.A. Russell)", who noted several aspects of its anatomy. The proximal caudal centra have similar proportions to MNA Pl.1762A, O? sedens and some Gallimimus vertebrae (posterior width ~57% of length). The anteriorly convex pubic shaft is similar to Archaeornithomimus, MNA Pl.1762A and O? sedens. The anteroposteriorly flattened distal metatarsal III (ratio of depth to width .82) is unlike Archaeornithomimus and Ornithomimus. Finally the pedal unguals with gently curved ventral edges are primitive for ornithomimosaurs, and unlike Gallimimus bullatus, Archaeornithomimus, Ornithomimus and O? sedens. There is only one ornithomimid listed in the LACM online database from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana represented by more than a couple elements, LACM 47520, an articulated mount on exhibit as Ornithomimus. It was discovered in 1972 and photos show it was large (metatarsal IV 30% larger than Struthiomimus' holotype) has an anteriorly convex pubic shaft, seeming to confirm its identity as the intended type specimen of "Orcomimus". McFeeters (2015) said it was on display at the LACM "as a specimen of Struthiomimus, but this identification is not definitive (Luis Chiappe, pers. comm. 2014)" and listed four pubic characters "consistent with more basal Asian ornithomimids outside of the normally recognized "Laramidian clade."". However, in regards to "Orcomimus" McFeeters stated "Dale Russell (pers. comm. 2014) does not presently consider the latter name to be adequately supported, and considers this material, as well as the "undescribed genus" of Russell (1984), to merely indicate the presence of multiple ornithomimids in the Hell Creek Formation, not a specific new taxon that warrants a name." But of course LACM 47520 has to belong to some taxon, which is seemingly different from named taxa whether or not Russell's original concept of "Orcomimus" is still valid. The Sandy site was discovered in 1994, so that "Orcomimus" material would then be referred (note Russell and Manabe 2002 indicate Sandy site remains are curated at the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan). Bartlett (2004) states thirty-three ornithomimid elements were recovered from the Sandy site. "Manus claws and phalanges were the only specimens definitely ascribed to the group. The claws were referable to the larger form Struthiomimus, while other bones may pertain to this taxon or to Ornithomimus proper." Indeed Russell and Manabe's (2002) figure 2 shows two ornithomimid manual unguals (third and sixth from left in second row) that are more curved as in Struthiomimus compared to Dromiceiomimus (= Ornithomimus edmontonensis). However, second from right on the top row and fourth from right in the third row are a coracoid and distal caudal vertebra respectively that appear ornithomimid, so more Sandy material than merely phalanges and unguals exists. While McFeeters says "Manabe (pers. comm. 2014) presently considers all of the Sandy Site ornithomimid material indeterminate at the generic level", the diagnostic nature of ornithomimid caudals, coracoids and unguals makes this unlikely.
References- Glut, 1982. The New Dinosaur Dictionary. Citadel Press. 288 pp.
Russell, 1984. A check list of the families and genera of North American dinosaurs. Syllogeus. 53, 1-35.
DeCourten and Russell, 1985. A specimen of Ornithomimus velox (Theropoda, Ornithomimidae) from the terminal Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. Journal of Paleontology. 59(5), 1091-1099.
Triebold and Russell, 1995. A new small dinosaur locality in the Hell Creek Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15(3), 57A.
Triebold, 1997. The Sandy site: Small dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. In Wolberg, Stump and Rosenberg (eds.). Dinofest International. 245-248.
Olshevsky, DML 1998a. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623000032/http://dml.cmnh.org/1998Jan/msg00038.html
Olshevsky, DML 1998b. https://web.archive.org/web/20200624130528/http://dml.cmnh.org/1998Jan/msg00093.html
Russell and Manabe, 2002. Synopsis of the Hell Creek (uppermost Cretaceous) dinosaur assemblage. Geological Society of America Special Papers. 361, 169-176.
Bartlett, 2004. Taphonomy, geology, and paleoecology of the Sandy Site, an exceptional assemblage in the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. Masters Thesis, North Carolina State University. 143 pp.
McFeeters, 2015. Evolution and diversity of ornithomimid dinosaurs in the Upper Cretaceous Belly River Group of Alberta. Masters thesis, Carleton University. 253 pp.

"Saltillomimus" Aguillon Martinez, 2010
"S. rapidus" Aguillon Martinez, 2010
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Mexico
Material- (SECP 9/770) distal femur
?(SECP 16/219) manual ungual
(SEPCP 16/221) (juvenile) pedal phalanx II-1, phalanx III-1, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1
(SEPCP 16/237; intended holotype) (adult) mid caudal centrum, incomplete mid caudal vertebra, incomplete mid caudal vertebra, mid caudal vertebra, incomplete pubes, femur (370 mm), incomplete tibia, (fibula ~450 mm) proximal fibula, distal fibula, metatarsal II, metatarsal III, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-3, pedal ungual fragment
Diagnosis- (after Aguillon Martinez, 2010) differs from Struthiomimus and Dromiceiomimus in- pubis is straight, pubic boot extends more posteriorly than anteriorly; pubic boot has almost straight ventral edge; femur robust and having more sigmoidal shape.
Comments- This material was discovered in 1998, and described as a new genus and species of ornithomimid in Aguillon Martinez' (2010) thesis. Names in theses aren't usually listed on this site prior to official publication, but Aguillon Martinez herself announced it at an event at the Museo del Desierto on November 20, 2014 (Martinez, 2014) and it has since been published in Ramirez-Velasco and Hernandez-Rivera (2015). The latter state "This species is still not formally described, and according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature the new name of the species is considered invalid", so it is still a nomen nudum. Note the manual ungual was found at the same locality as the holotype, but cannot be compared to it.
References- Aguillon Martinez, 2010. Fossil vertebrates from the Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Coahuila, Mexico, and the distribution of Late Campanian (Cretaceous) terrestrial vertebrate faunas. MS thesis, Dedman College Southern Methodist University. 135 pp.
Martinez, 2014 online. Exhiben dinosaurio hallado en 1998 en Coahuila.
Ramirez-Velasco and Hernandez-Rivera, 2015. Diversity of Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from Mexico. Boletín Geológico y Minero. 126(1), 63-108.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (AMNH online)
Late Cretaceous
North Dakota, US
Material- (AMNH 2478) caudal vertebra (AMNH online)

Ornithomimidae indet. (Sullivan, Tanke and Rothschild, 2000)
Campanian-Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Alberta, Canada
Material- (ROM 37207) specimen including femur (448 mm) (Zelenitsky et al., 2012)
(TMP 1999.026.0001) metatarsal IV (Sullivan et al., 2000)
(TMP coll.; lost) pedal phalanges IV-2+3 or IV-3+4 (Sullivan et al., 2000)
References- Sullivan, Tanke and Rothschild, 2000. An impact fracture in an ornithomimid (Ornithomimosauria: Dinosauria) metatarsal from the upper Cretaceous (Late Campanian) of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 17, 109-111.
Zelenitsky, Therrien, Erickson, DeBuhr, Kobayashi, Eberth and Hadfield, 2012. Feathered non-avian dinosaurs from North America provide insight into wing origins. Science. 338(6106), 510-514.

undescribed possible Ornithomimidae (Ryan and Russell, 2001)
Early Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Milk River Formation, Alberta, Canada
Material- ?(TMP coll.) phalanges
Comments- McFeeters et al. (2014) examined reports of ornithomimids from the Milk River Formation and found none could be substantiated.
References- Ryan and Russell, 2001. The dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves). In Tanke and Carpenter (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 279-297.
McFeeters, Ryan, Evans and Schroder-Adams, 2014. Reassessment of ornithomimid material from the Milk River Formation and lower Belly River Group of Canada with implications for ornithomimosaur paleobiogeography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2014, 184.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Bullard, 1999)
Early-Middle Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Cedar District Formation of the Nanaimo Group, British Columbia, Canada
Material- (RBCM.EH2010.001.0001.01) mid caudal vertebra
Comments- Reid (2016) notes "Pending a complete description of the material in progress (Trask, pers. com.), it cannot be identified if the vertebrae is indeed from an ornithomimid."
References- Bullard, 1999. A dinosaur from the Nanaimo Group. British Columbia Palaeontological Alliance Newsletter. 22, 11.
Reid, 2016. A review of dinosaurian body fossils from British Columbia, Canada. PeerJ Preprints. 4:e1369v3.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Gilmore, 1923)
Middle-Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Belly River Group, Alberta, Canada
Material- (TMP 1980.016.0796) pedal phalanx III-1 (Sullivan et al., 2000)
(TMP 1991.036.0086) material including pedal ungual II, pedal ungual III and pedal ungual IV ( McFeeters, Ryan and Cullen, 2018)
(TMP 1991.036.0569) femur (372 mm) (Carrano, 1998)
(TMP 1991.036.0854) femur (368 mm) (Carrano, 1998)
(TMP 1992.036.0696) femur (397 mm) (Carrano, 1998)
(TMP 1994.012.0610; listed as fibula in the TMP online catalog) tibia (478 mm) (Carrano, 1998)
(TMP 1994.012.0817) posterior cervical centrum (Makovicky, 1995)
(TMP 1994.012.0836; listed as caudal vertebra in TMP online catalog) seventh dorsal vertebra (Makovicky, 1995)
(TMP 1999.055.0118) metatarsal IV (Sullivan et al., 2000)
(TMP 1999.055.0337) specimen including femur (458 mm) (Zelenitsky et al., 2012)
(TMP 2009.012.0011) femur (414 mm) (Zelenitsky et al., 2012)
ungual (Gilmore, 1923)
Comments- Though Britt (1993) described the posterior cervical vertebrae TMP 1981.037.0015 and 1992.036.1212 as ornithomimids, Makovicky (1995) indicated they were actually Troodon.
Reference- Gilmore, 1923. A new species of Corythosaurus with notes on other Belly River Dinosauria. The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 37, 46-52.
Britt, 1993. Pneumatic postcranial bones in dinosaurs and other archosaurs. PhD thesis. University of Calgary. 383 pp.
Makovicky, 1995. Phylogenetic aspects of the vertebral morphology of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Masters thesis. University of Copenhagen. 311 pp.
Carrano, 1998. The evolution of dinosaur locomotion: Functional morphology, biomechanics, and modern analogs. PhD thesis, The University of Chicago. 424 pp.
Sullivan, Tanke and Rothschild, 2000. An impact fracture in an ornithomimid (Ornithomimosauria: Dinosauria) metatarsal from the upper Cretaceous (Late Campanian) of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 17, 109-111.
Zelenitsky, Therrien, Erickson, DeBuhr, Kobayashi, Eberth and Hadfield, 2012. Feathered non-avian dinosaurs from North America provide insight into wing origins. Science. 338(6106), 510-514.
McFeeters, Ryan and Cullen, 2018. Positional variation in pedal unguals of North American ornithomimids (Dinosauria, Theropoda): A response to Brownstein (2017). Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 6, 60-67.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (McFeeters, Ryan, Evans and Schroder-Adams, 2014)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Oldman Formation of the Belly River Group, Alberta, Canada
Material- (TMP 1987.054.0001) specimen including sacrum, pelvis, femur (444 mm), tibia (445 mm), metatarsal II, metatarsals III (320 mm), metatarsal IV (Britt, 1993)
pedal phalanges
Comments- Britt (1993) examined sacral morphology in TMP 1987.054.0001, while Snively used the third metatarsal in his 2000 thesis examining arctometatarsaly and the resulting publications.
References- Britt, 1993. Pneumatic postcranial bones in dinosaurs and other archosaurs. PhD thesis. University of Calgary. 383 pp.
Carrano, 1998. The evolution of dinosaur locomotion: Functional morphology, biomechanics, and modern analogs. PhD thesis, The University of Chicago. 424 pp.
Snively, 2000. Functional morphology of the tyrannosaurid arctometatarsus. Masters Thesis. University of Calgary. 273 pp.
McFeeters, Ryan, Evans and Schroder-Adams, 2014. Reassessment of ornithomimid material from the Milk River Formation and lower Belly River Group of Canada with implications for ornithomimosaur paleobiogeography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2014, 184.

Ornithomimidae gen. et sp. nov. (Longrich, 2008)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Dinosaur Park Formation of the Belly River Group, Alberta, Canada
Material- (AMNH 21592) pedal ungual
(CMN 1349) incomplete pedal ungual
(ROM 41844) incomplete manual ungual (~150 mm)
(TMP 1964.021.0009) partial manual ungual
(TMP 1967.019.0145) proximal pedal ungual
(TMP 1980.016.1644) partial manual ungual
(TMP 1981.016.0199) pedal ungual
(TMP 1992.036.0117) frontal (~65 mm)
(TMP 1994.012.0964) pedal ungual
(TMP 1998.012.0081) pedal ungual
(TMP 2000.012.0003) proximal manual ungual
Diagnosis- (after Longrich, 2008) an orbital rim on the frontal with a scalloped shape in dorsal view; strong transverse expansion of the frontal over the prefrontal; medially placed supratemporal fossa; manual ungual flexor tubercle divided by a deep transverse groove.
Other diagnoses- While Longrich (2008) distinguished the caudals of his new taxon as having distal caudal prezygapophyses that are medially expanded to interlock with the preceding neural spine, and a distal caudal neural spine that is more broadly expanded and posteriorly placed, McFeeters et al. (2017) showed these characters are present in the more proximal distal caudals of Qiupalong sp. CMN 8902, but grade to be absent in more distal vertebrae which resemble Longrich's Struthiomimus morphotype. The caudal vertebrae Longrich referred to his new taxon (TMP 1967.009.0150, 1979.014.0715, 1979.014.0725 and 1993.036.0155) are here moved to Ornithomimidae indet., as they could be either Struthiomimus or Qiupalong (but probably not Dromiceiomimus).
References- Longrich, 2008. A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology. 51(4), 983-997.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schröder-Adams and Currie, 2017. First North American occurrences of Qiupalong (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) and the palaeobiogeography of derived ornithomimids. FACETS. 2, 355-373.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Lambe, 1902)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Dinosaur Park Formation of the Belly River Group, Alberta, Canada
Material- (AMNH 5380) posterior skeleton (Russell, 1972)
(AMNH 6175) pedal unguals (Russell, 1972)
(CMN 12224) posterior sacrum, ilium, proximal pubis, ischia (Russell, 1972)
(CMN field number 17, 1913) pedal elements (Russell, 1972)
(CMN coll.) proximal caudal vertebra, pedal ungual (Lambe, 1902)
(MSNM V5178) incomplete pubis (Maganuco, 2004)
(NHMUK R4861) pedal elements (Russell, 1972)
(TMP 1967.009.0150) distal caudal vertebra (Longrich, 2008)
(TMP 1979.014.0715) distal caudal vertebra (Longrich, 2008)
(TMP 1979.014.0725) distal caudal vertebra (Longrich, 2008)
(TMP 1993.036.0155) distal caudal vertebra (Longrich, 2008)
(TMP 1993.036.0631) partial astragalocalcaneum (~75 mm wide) (Funston, Persons, Bradley and Currie, 2015)
(TMP 1993.075.0049; 1995.074.0049 in Funston, 2020) incomplete astragalocalcaneum (76.3 mm wide) (Funston, Persons, Bradley and Currie, 2015)
(TMP 1994.012.0140; this number is a crocodylid tooth in the TMP online catalog) metatarsal III (350 mm) (Carrano, 1998)
(TMP coll.) fourteen fragments (Ryan et al., 2001)
(TMP coll.) thirteen mid and distal caudal vertebrae, seven chevrons (Rauhut, 2003)
(UA field number 21, 1921) skeletal material (Russell, 1972)
pedal phalanx (Lambe, 1902)
partial caudal vertebra, manual phalanx, pedal phalanges (Lambe, 1902)
Comments- Lambe (1902) referred several specimens to his new taxon Ornithomimus altus, but they may be either Dromiceiomimus samueli, Struthiomimus altus or Longrich's unnamed large taxon with the little information currently known. Similar things could be said about the tail illustrated by Rauhut (2003), which he referred to Ornithomimosauria indet.. Russell (1972) listed several specimens as indeterminate.
While Longrich (2008) distinguished the caudals of his new taxon as having distal caudal prezygapophyses that are medially expanded to interlock with the preceding neural spine, and a distal caudal neural spine that is more broadly expanded and posteriorly placed, McFeeters et al. (2017) showed these characters are present in the more proximal distal caudals of Qiupalong sp. CMN 8902, but grade to be absent in more distal vertebrae which resemble Longrich's Struthiomimus morphotype. The caudal vertebrae Longrich referred to his new taxon (TMP 1967.009.0150, 1979.014.0715, 1979.014.0725 and 1993.036.0155) are here moved to Ornithomimidae indet., as they could be either Struthiomimus or Qiupalong (but probably not Dromiceiomimus).
Funston et al. (2015) referred two astragalocalcanea to Caenagnathus collinsi based on size compared to Chirostenotes, but Funston (2020) later recognized "a calcaneum that is deeply incised and an ascending process inset from the lateral surface of the astragalocalcaneum both argue for a non-oviraptorosaur identity of TMP 1993.036.0631 and TMP 1995.074.0049. Instead, these elements are identical to those described by McFeeters et al. (2017), and should therefore be regarded as ornithomimids."
References- Lambe, 1902. New genera and species from the Belly River Series (mid-Cretaceous). Geological Survey of Canada Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. 3(2), 25-81.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Carrano, 1998. The evolution of dinosaur locomotion: Functional morphology, biomechanics, and modern analogs. PhD thesis, The University of Chicago. 424 pp.
Ryan, Russell, Eberth and Currie, 2001. The taphonomy of a Centrosaurus (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) bone bed from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian), Alberta, Canada, with comments on cranial ontogeny. Palaios. 16, 482-506.
Rauhut, 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology. 69, 1-213.
Maganuco, 2004. New dinosaur bones from the Dinosaur Provincial Park (Alberta, Canada) expedition of 1922. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. 145(1), 69-77.
Longrich, 2008. A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology. 51(4), 983-997.
Funston, Persons, Bradley and Currie, 2015. New material of the large-bodied caenagnathid Caenagnathus collinsi from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Cretaceous Research. 54, 179-187.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schröder-Adams and Currie, 2017. First North American occurrences of Qiupalong (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) and the palaeobiogeography of derived ornithomimids. FACETS. 2, 355-373.
Funston, 2020. Caenagnathids of the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: Anatomy, osteohistology, taxonomy, and evolution. Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 8, 105-153.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Ryan and Russell, 2001)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Wapiti Formation, Alberta, Canada
Material- (TMP 1989.053.0035) caudal vertebra (Ryan and Russell, 2001)
?(UALVP 53239) caudal vertebra (Fanti, Currie and Burns, 2015)
References- Ryan and Russell, 2001. The dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves). In Tanke and Carpenter (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 279-297.
Fanti, Currie and Burns, 2015. Taphonomy, age, and paleoecological implication of a new Pachyrhinosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) bonebed from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Wapiti Formation of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 52(4), 250-260.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Dodson, 1986)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Judith River Formation, Montana, US
Material- (MOR-41) ungual (MOR online)
(MOR-51) two phalanges (MOR online)
(MOR-460) three limb fragments (MOR online)
(UCMP 154579) ilium (Hutchinson, 2001)
(USNM 5815) partial metatarsal II (Serrano-Branas et al., 2016)
(USNM 365556) incomplete pedal ungual (Serrano-Branas et al., 2016)
material (Dodson, 1986)
material (Fiorillo, 1989)
Comments- UCMP 154579 was mislabeled 154759 by Hutchinson (2001) when he figured it as an ornithomimid ilium. Serrano-Branas et al. (2016) referred USNM 2815 and 365556 to Ornithomimus sp..
References- Dodson, 1986. Avaceratops lammersi: A new ceratopsid from the Judith River Formation of Montana. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 138(2), 305-317.
Fiorillo, 1989. The vertebrate fauna from the Judith River Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Wheatland and Golden Valley counties, Montana. Mosasaur. 4, 127-142.
Hutchinson, 2001. The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 131, 123-168.
Serrano-Branas, Torres-Rodriguez, Reyes-Luna and Conzalez-Ramirez and Gonzalez-Leon, 2016 (online 2015). A new ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Packard Shale Formation (Cabullona Group) Sonora, Mexico. Cretaceous Research. 58, 49-62.

undescribed Orithomimidae (Varricchio, 1995)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Two Medicine Formation, Montana, US
Material- (MOR-274) phalanx II-2 (MOR online)
(MOR 450) tibia, fibula, metatarsals, pedal phalanges (MOR online)
(MOR-458) limb fragment (MOR online)
(MOR-491) phalanx III-3 (MOR online)
(MOR-537) tibia (MOR online)
(MOR-1089) forelimb (MOR online)
Reference- Varricchio, 1995. Taphonomy of Jack's Birthday Site, a diverse dinosaur bonebed from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 114, 297-323.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Gasaway, Sankey, Oritz and Meredith, 2007)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Aguja Formation, Texas, US
Reference- Gasaway, Sankey, Oritz and Meredith, 2007. Paleoecology of a Chasmosaurus mariscalensis bonebed, Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian), Big Bend National Park, Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 79A.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Fiorillo and Gangloff, 2003)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, US
Material- (UAMES 21402) (6-7 year old adult) distal metatarsal IV (Watanabe, 2011)
References- Fiorillo and Gangloff, 2003. Preliminary notes on the taphonomic and paleoecologic setting of a Pachyrhinosaurus bonebed in northern Alaska. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23(3), 50A.
Watanabe, 2011. Bone histology of an Alaskan ornithomimosaur: Implications for Polar dinosaurian physiology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2011, 212.
Watanabe, Erickson and Druckenmiller, 2013. An ornithomimosaurian from the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation of Alaska. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33(5), 1169-1175

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Ryan and Russell, 2001)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada
Material- (TMP 1978.028.0016) metatarsal
Reference- Ryan and Russell, 2001. The dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves). In Tanke and Carpenter (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 279-297.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Kues, Froehlich, Schiebout and Lucas, 1977)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Fruitland Formation, New Mexico
Material- (NMMNH P 26232; = UNM B-476) manual ungual II
(NMMNH coll.; = UNM B-479A)
Comments- NMMNH P 26232 was referred to Ornithomimus ?edmontonicus by Lucas et al. (1987).
References- Kues, Froehlich, Schiebout and Lucas, 1977. Paleontological survey, resource assessment, and mitigation plan for the Bisti-Star Lake Area, northwestern New Mexico. Report to the Bureau of Land Management, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1525 pp.
Lucas, Mateer, Hunt and O'Neill, 1987. Dinosaurs, the age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations, and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In Fassett and Rigby (eds.). The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the San Juan and Raton basins, New Mexico and Colorado. Geological Society of America Special Paper. 209, 35-50.
Sullivan, 1997. A juvenile Ornithomimus antiquus (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria), from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-na-zin Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 48th Field Conference, Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Four Corners Region. 249-254.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Kues, Froehlich, Schiebout and Lucas, 1977)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Hunter Wash Member of the Kirtland Formation, New Mexico, US
Material- (NMMNH P 22525; = UNM B-433C) distal phalanx
References- Kues, Froehlich, Schiebout and Lucas, 1977. Paleontological survey, resource assessment, and mitigation plan for the Bisti-Star Lake Area, northwestern New Mexico. Report to the Bureau of Land Management, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1525 pp.
Lucas, Mateer, Hunt and O'Neill, 1987. Dinosaurs, the age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations, and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In Fassett and Rigby (eds.). The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the San Juan and Raton basins, New Mexico and Colorado. Geological Society of America Special Paper. 209, 35-50.
Sullivan, 1997. A juvenile Ornithomimus antiquus (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria), from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-na-zin Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 48th Field Conference, Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Four Corners Region. 249-254.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Kues, Froehlich, Schiebout and Lucas, 1977)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Farmington or De-na-zin Member of the Kirtland Formation, New Mexico, US
Material- (NMMNH P 22911; = UNM B-741A) ungual
References- Kues, Froehlich, Schiebout and Lucas, 1977. Paleontological survey, resource assessment, and mitigation plan for the Bisti-Star Lake Area, northwestern New Mexico. Report to the Bureau of Land Management, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1525 pp.
Lucas, Mateer, Hunt and O'Neill, 1987. Dinosaurs, the age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations, and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In Fassett and Rigby (eds.). The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the San Juan and Raton basins, New Mexico and Colorado. Geological Society of America Special Paper. 209, 35-50.
Sullivan, 1997. A juvenile Ornithomimus antiquus (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria), from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-na-zin Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 48th Field Conference, Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Four Corners Region. 249-254.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Sullivan, 1997)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
De-na-zin Member of the Kirtland Formation, New Mexico, US
Material- (SMP VP-714) (juvenile) tibia (250 mm) (Sullivan, 1997)
(SMP VP-971) metatarsal IV (190 mm) (Sullian et al., 2000)
Comments- Sullivan (1997) referred SMP VP-714 to Ornithomimus antiquus (under which he also included O. velox and O. edmontonicus) based on the cnemial crest morphology, but the same morphology is also present in Dromiceiomimus, Archaeornithomimus and Ornithomimus? sedens (see "Coelosaurus" entry). While the proximal angle of the crest does resemble "Coelosaurus" antiquus more than these other taxa, the bone is crushed to exaggerate this, which also makes its anteroposterior depth uncertain.
References- Sullivan, 1997. A juvenile Ornithomimus antiquus (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria), from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-na-zin Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 48th Field Conference, Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Four Corners Region. 249-254.
Sullivan, Tanke and Rothschild, 2000. An impact fracture in an ornithomimid (Ornithomimosauria: Dinosauria) metatarsal from the upper Cretaceous (Late Campanian) of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 17, 109-111.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Lambe, 1902)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada
Material- (AMNH 5262) partial cervical vertebrae, distal caudal vertebrae, two pedal phalanges (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 5264) pedes (Osborn, 1916)
(CMN 12227) tibial fragments, distal metatarsal II, distal metatarsal III, metatarsals IV (one distal), three pedal phalanges (Russell, 1972)
(Regina Museum coll.; = CMN field number 3, 1916) pedal elements (Russell, 1972)
(TMP 1981.010.0002) femur (317.0 mm) (Carrano, 1998)
?(TMP 1981.010.0002? of Carrano, 1998) femur (180.7 mm) (Carrano, 1998)
(TMP 1981.010.0010) femur (178 mm) (Zelenitsky et al., 2012)
(TMP 1992.035.0001) complete skeleton including manual ungual I, manual ungual II and femur (367 mm) (Zelenitsky et al., 2012)
(TMP 1998.064.0002) phalanx (Larson et al., 2010)
(TMP 1999.050.0127) pedal ungual (Larson et al., 2010)
(TMP 2001.045.0085) pedal ungual (Longrich and Currie, 2009)
(TMP 2004.056.0064) pedal ungual (Larson et al., 2010)
(TMP 2005.050.0060) pedal ungual (Larson et al., 2010)
(UALVP 55146) pedal phalanx (Torices et al., 2014)
partial caudal vertebra, pedal phalanges (Lambe, 1902)
(three individuals, 2, 3 and 4 years old) partial skeletons including femora, tibiae, fibulae, metatarsals and pedal phalanges (Cullen et al., 2010)
Comments- Lambe (1902) referred some material to his new taxon Struthiomimus altus, while Osborn (1916) questionably referred AMNH 5262 and 5264 to Ornithomimus velox. Russell (1972) listed the AMNH specimens, CMN 12227 and the Regina Museum specimen as indeterminate. He also listed ROM field number 1, 1923 as an indeterminate ornithomimid, but this has been described as a Chirostenotes specimen (ROM 43250). Carrano (1998) listed TMP 1981.010.0002 as Tetanurae indet., which is identified as ornithomimid by Eberth et al. (2013) and the TMP online catalog. Confusingly, Carrano also lists a smaller femur as "TMP 81.10.2?". Longrich and Currie (2009) listed TMP 2001.045.0085 as ?Ornithomimus, and several subsequent specimens have been listed by Eberth and Currie (2010) and Larson et al. (2010), with the latter illustrating 2001.045.0085 as well. The material is probably Struthiomimus sp. nov. or Dromiceiomimus brevitertius based on stratigraphy, but has not been described.
Three individuals preserved together were reported by Cullen et al. (2010, 2012), who noted no cranial or manual material was preserved and little material anterior to the pelvis at all. PCA analysis of pedal material could not identify them to genus level.
References- Lambe, 1902. New genera and species from the Belly River Series (mid-Cretaceous). Geological Survey of Canada Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. 3(2), 25-81.
Osborn, 1916. Skeletal adaptation of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 35, 733-771.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Carrano, 1998. The evolution of dinosaur locomotion: Functional morphology, biomechanics, and modern analogs. PhD Thesis, The University of Chicago. 424 pp.
Cullen, Ryan, Schroder-Adams, Kobayashi and Currie, 2010. Description of the first ornithomimid (Dinosauria) bonebed from North America with implications for the discrimination, ontogeny and behavior of ornithomimids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2010, 77A.
Eberth and Currie, 2010. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and taphonomy of the Albertosaurus bonebed (upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation; Maastrichtian), southern Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 47(9), 1119-1143.
Larson, Brinkman and Bell, 2010. Faunal assemblages from the upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an Early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the Albertosaurus sarcophagus bonebed. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 47(9), 1159-1181.
Cullen, Ryan, Evans, Currie and Kobayashi, 2012. Multi-element histological analysis of an ornithomimid (Dinosauria) bone bed from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2012, 82-83.
Zelenitsky, Therrien, Erickson, DeBuhr, Kobayashi, Eberth and Hadfield, 2012. Feathered non-avian dinosaurs from North America provide insight into wing origins. Science. 338(6106), 510-514.
Ebaerth, Evans, Brinkman, Therien, Tanke and Russell, 2013. Dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta, Canada: Evidence for climate influence. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 50(7), 701-726.
Torices, Funston, Kraichy and Currie, 2014. The first appearance of Troodon in the Upper Cretaceous site of Danek bonebed, and a reevaluation of troodontid quantitative tooth morphotypes. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 51(11), 1039-1044.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Langston, 1975)
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
St. Mary River Formation, Alberta, Canada; Montana, US
Material- (CMN 10653) distal metatarsal IV (Langston, 1975)
(MOR-609-88-31) frontal (Witmer and Weishampel, 1993)
(MOR coll.) pedal elements (Witmer and Weishampel, 1993)
Comments- MOR-609-88-31 was noted as being probably Dromiceiomimus by Witmer and Weishampel (1993), but with no justification given.
References- Langston, 1975. The ceratopsian dinosaurs and associated lower vertebrates from the St. Mary River Formation (Maestrichtian) at Scabby Butte, southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 12(9), 1576-1608.
Witmer and Weishampel, 1993. Remains of theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous St. Mary River Formation of northwestern Montana, with special reference to a new maniraptoran braincase. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 13(3), 63A.
Ryan and Russell, 2001. The dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves). In Tanke and Carpenter (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 279-297.

undescribed ornithomimid (Sternberg, 1924)
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Ravenscrag Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada
Comments- This was referred to Ornithomimus sp. by Sternberg (1924).
Reference- Sternberg, 1924. Report on a collection of vertebrates from Wood Mountain, southern Saskatchewan, collected by C. M. Sternberg, 1921. Canada Department of Mines Geological Survey Bulletin (Geological Series). 38(43), 27-28.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Kues, Froehlich, Schiebout and Lucas, 1977)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Naashoibito Member of Ojo Alamo Formation, New Mexico, US
Material- (NMMNH P-22660; = UNM FK-019) partial ungual (Lucas et al., 1987)
(NMMNH P-37811) incomplete phalanx (Jasinski et al., 2011)
(NMMNH P-38482) distal metatarsal IV (Jasinski et al., 2011)
References- Kues, Froehlich, Schiebout and Lucas, 1977. Paleontological survey, resource assessment, and mitigation plan for the Bisti-Star Lake Area, northwestern New Mexico. Report to the Bureau of Land Management, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1525 pp.
Lucas, Mateer, Hunt and O'Neill, 1987. Dinosaurs, the age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations, and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In Fassett and Rigby (eds.). The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the San Juan and Raton basins, New Mexico and Colorado. Geological Society of America Special Paper. 209, 35-50.
Sullivan, 1997. A juvenile Ornithomimus antiquus (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria), from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-na-zin Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 48th Field Conference, Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Four Corners Region. 249-254.
Jasinski, Sullivan and Lucas, 2011. Taxonomic composition of the Alamo Wash local fauna from the Upper Cretaceous Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In Sullivan, Lucas and Spielmann (eds.). Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 53, 216-271.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Osborn, 1916)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Hell Creek Formation, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, US
Material- (AMNH 1006) three vertebrae (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 5003) caudal vertebrae, phalanges (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 5016) metatarsus (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 5017) two metatarsals, three phalanges (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 5018) eight phalanges, ungual (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 5051) caudal vertebra, phalanges (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 5884) femur (495.0 mm) (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 30045) manual ungual (AMNH online)
(MOR-1101) ilium (MOR online)
(MOR-1105) partial skeleton (MOR online)
(MOR-1181) pes (MOR online)
(MOR-1189) partial skeleton, pes (MOR online)
(YPM PU 18072) pedal ungual II (YPM online)
(YPM 56943, 56959, 56984, 56990, 57000, 57253, 57274, 57299, 57349, 57377, 57659) (YPM online)
(Daeschler and Fiorillo, 1989)
sixteen specimens (Pearson et al., 2002)
material (DePalma, 2010)
Comments- Osborn (1916) questionably referred most of the AMNH material to Ornithomimus velox, but Russell (1972) noted they were generically indeterminate ornithomimids. They may belong to O. velox, O? sedens or "Orcomimus". AMNH 30045 is a manual ungual which is elongate and straight as in Dromiceiomimus, Anserimimus, "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis" and Archaeornithomimus. AMNH 5884 and 30045 are referred to Ornithomimus sp. on the AMNH online catalog. Carrano (1998) provides measurements of AMNH 5884 as Ornithomimus sp.. DePalma (2010) referred material to both Struthiomimus and Ornithomimus.
References- Osborn, 1916. Skeletal adaptation of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 35, 733-771.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Daeschler and Fiorillo, 1989. Rediscovery of fossil material at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from Edward Drinker Cope's 1893 expedition to the Dakotas. The Mosasaur. 4, 143-148.
Carrano, 1998. The evolution of dinosaur locomotion: Functional morphology, biomechanics, and modern analogs. PhD thesis, The University of Chicago. 424 pp.
Pearson, Schaefer, Johnson, Nichols and Hunter, 2002. Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, Johnson and Nichols (eds.). The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous. Geological Society of America Special Paper. 361, 145-167.
DePalma, 2010. Geology, taphonomy, and paleoecology of a unique Upper Cretaceous bonebed near the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in South Dakota. Masters thesis. University of Kansas. 227 pp.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Estes, 1964)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lance Formation, Wyoming, US
Material- (UC coll.) caudal vertebrae, pedal phalanges (Estes, 1964)
(USNM 8263) metacarpal I (~30.5 mm) (USNM online)
(YPM 4191) (TPM online)
(YPM PU 16518) proximal caudal vertebra, manual ungual (YPM online)
Comments- Estes (1964) referred the UC specimens to cf. Ornithomimus sp., stating the caudals have elongate prezygapophyses and a phalanx resembles the pedal phalanges of Struthiomimus.
USNM 8263 was collected by Hatcher in 1890 from the Lance Formation of Wyoming and referred to Ornithomimus minutus in the USNM collections. Although labeled a metatarsal, it instead seems to be metacarpal I of an ornithomimosaur. As "O." minutus is an alvarezsaurid, it cannot be properly referred.
The YPM specimens are catalogd as Ornithomimus sp.. They all may belong to O. velox, "O" sedens or "Orcomimus".
Reference- Estes, 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences. 49, 1-180.

undescribed ornithomimid (Russell, 1972)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Scollard Formation, Alberta, Canada
Material- (CMN 9560) manual ungual
Comments- Russell (1972) noted a manual ungual from the Scollard Formation which is more elongate and straighter than Struthiomimus. This sounds similar to Dromiceiomimus, Anserimimus, Archaeornithomimus and "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis".
Reference- Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Wroblewski, 1997)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Ferris Formation, Wyoming, US
Material- (UW 26316)
(UW 26318)
(UW 27229)
(UW 27230)
(UW 27422)
Comments- UW 26318 was referred to cf. Struthiomimus sp. and the rest to Ornithomimidae indet. by Lillegraven and Eberle (1999), based on Wroblewski (1997).
Reference- Wroblewski, 1997. Non-mammalian paleontology of the Latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene Ferris Formation, western Hanna Basin. Masters thesis. University of Wyoming. 239 pp.
Lillegraven and Eberle, 1999. Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in southern Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology. 73(4), 691-710.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Chinzorig, Philips, Cullen, Lamb, Larson, Rolke and Zanno, 2020)
Late Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Eutaw Formation, Mississippi, US
Material- (MMNS and BHI coll.) (isolated elements; multiple individuals) proximal caudal centrum (~57 mm), incomplete distal caudal vertebra (~117 mm), manual phalanx III-1 (~53 mm), phalanx III-3 (~93 mm), manual ungual (~73 mm), tibial shaft, metatarsal II (~400 mm), pedal phalanx II-1 (~141 mm), distal metatarsal III, phalanx III-1 (~173 mm), phalanges III-2 (~134, ~109, ~94 mm), distal metatarsal IV (femur ~600 mm), phalanges IV-2 (~99, ~91, ~85 mm), phalanx IV-3/4 (~65 mm), incomplete pedal ungual
Comments- Chinzoring et al. (2020) state "elements referable to Ornithomimosauria include a distal metatarsal IV exhibiting a mediolaterally constricted, dorsoventrally high midshaft with no medial expansion and distal condyles expanded cranially and caudally beyond the shaft margins, and pedal unguals bearing a laterally straight ventral surface and weakly ridged flexor tubercle."
Reference- Chinzorig, Philips, Cullen, Lamb, Larson, Rolke and Zanno, 2020. Ornithomimosaur specimens from the Upper Cretaceous Eutaw Formation (Santonian) of Mississippi: New data on Appalachian theropod dinosaurs. The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting, Conference Program. 104-105.

unnamed possible ornithomimid (Langston, 1960)
Late Santonian-Early Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Mooreville Chalk, Alabama, US
Material- (FMNH P27398) pedal phalanx III-1
Comments- This was identified as Theropoda indet. by Langston (1960), but as an ornithomimid by Baird (1986).
References- Langston, 1960. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama. Part VI. The dinosaurs. Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs. 3(6), 315-361.
Baird, 1986. Upper Cretaceous reptiles from the Severn Formation of Maryland. The Mosasaur. 3, 63-85.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Schwimmer, Williams, Dobie and Siesser, 1993)
Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Blufftown Formation, Georgia, US
Reference- Schwimmer, Williams, Dobie and Siesser, 1993. Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Blufftown Formation in western Georgia and eastern Alabama. Journal of Paleontology. 67(2), 288-296.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Schwimmer, Sanders, Erickson and Weems, 2015)
Middle Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Coachman Formation, South Carolina, US
Material- (ChM PV7558) manual ungual II or III
(ChM PV8823) femoral shaft fragment
(ChM PV8824) proximal femur
(ChM PV8825) pedal ungual
(ChM PV9098) proximal metatarsal II
(ChM PV9099) manual phalanx II-1
Comments- ChM PV9099 was said to be a metacarpal III, but is far too short, and resembles a manual phalanx II-1 more closely.
Reference- Schwimmer, Sanders, Erickson and Weems, 2015. A Late Cretaceous dinosaur and reptile assemblage from South Carolina, USA. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 105(2), 157 pp.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Schwimmer, Sanders, Erickson and Weems, 2015)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Donoho Creek Formation, South Carolina, US
Material- (ChM PV7300) phalangeal fragment
(ChM PV7530) phalangeal fragment
(ChM PV7531) phalangeal fragment
(ChM PV7603) phalangeal fragment
Reference- Schwimmer, Sanders, Erickson and Weems, 2015. A Late Cretaceous dinosaur and reptile assemblage from South Carolina, USA. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 105(2), 157 pp.

undescribed ornithomimid (Baird, 1986)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Marshalltown Formation, Delaware, US
Material- (Hartstein coll. A124) pedal phalanx IV-3
References- Baird, 1986. Upper Cretaceous reptiles from the Severn Formation of Maryland. The Mosasaur. 3, 63-85.
Gallagher, 1997. When Dinosaurs Roamed New Jersey. 176 pp.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Horner, 1979)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Mount Laurel-Wenonah Formation, New Jersey, US
Material- (Johnson coll.; cast MAPS A1226a; = MAPS A1210b of Horner, 1979) caudal vertebra (Horner, 1979)
(YPM PU 22361) partial femur (Baird 1986)
Comments- Referred to "Coelosaurus"/Ornithomimus antiquus by Horner (1979) and Baird (1986), but cannot be compared with the material of that species.
References- Horner, 1979. Upper Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Bearpaw Shale (marine) of south-central Montana with a checklist of Upper Cretaceous dinosaur remains from marine sediments in North America. Journal of Paleontology. 53(3), 566-577.
Baird, 1986. Upper Cretaceous reptiles from the Severn Formation of Maryland. The Mosasaur. 3, 63-85.

undescribed ornithomimid (Horner, 1979)
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
New Jersey, US
Material- (ANSP 9151; = ANSP 9150 of Horner, 1979) caudal vertebra
Comments- Referred to "Coelosaurus"/Ornithomimus antiquus by Horner (1979) and Baird (1986), but cannot be compared with the material of that species.
References- Horner, 1979. Upper Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Bearpaw Shale (marine) of south-central Montana with a checklist of Upper Cretaceous dinosaur remains from marine sediments in North America. Journal of Paleontology. 53(3), 566-577.
Baird, 1986. Upper Cretaceous reptiles from the Severn Formation of Maryland. The Mosasaur. 3, 63-85.

Ornithomimidae indet. (Baird, 1986)
Middle Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Severn Formation, Maryland, US
Material- ?(Miller private coll.) long bone fragment (Baird, 1986)
(USNM 256614) incomplete femur (Baird, 1986)
(YPM PU 23503) incomplete ~twenty-second caudal vertebra (Baird, 1986)
Comments- Baird (1986) referred these to "Coelosaurus" antiquus (his Ornithomimus antiquus), but they are not comparable to that specimen and could be from any ornithomimid.
Reference- Baird, 1986. Upper Cretaceous reptiles from the Severn Formation of Maryland. The Mosasaur. 3, 63-85.

undescribed ornithomimid (Rivera-Sylva, Frey, Stinnesbeck, Padilla Gutierrez, Gonzalez Gonzalez and Amezcua Torres, 2015)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Mexico
Material- specimen including cranial elements (Rivera-Sylva, Frey, Stinnesbeck, Padilla Gutierrez, Gonzalez Gonzalez and Amezcua Torres, 2015)
Reference- Rivera-Sylva, Frey, Stinnesbeck, Padilla Gutierrez, Gonzalez Gonzalez and Amezcua Torres, 2015. The Late Cretaceous Las Aguilas dinosaur graveyard, Coahuila, Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 203.

unnamed Ornithomimidae (Rivera-Sylva, Frey, Stinnesbeck, Padilla Gutierrez, Gonzalez Gonzalez and Amezcua Torres, 2015)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Mexico
Material- (BENC 1/2-0054; paratype of Paraxenisaurus normalensis) distal metacarpal I, proximal phalanx I-1, partial manual ungual I, distal metacarpal II, distal phalanx II-2 (Serrano-Brañas, Espinosa-Chávez, Maccracken, Gutiérrez-Blando, de León-Dávila and Ventura, 2020)
(BENC 1/2-0091; paratype of Paraxenisaurus normalensis) several mid caudal central fragments (66, 75, 76 mm), proximal radius(?), proximal metacarpal II, distal metacarpal III, distal femur (155 mm trans), distal metatarsal III(?) (Serrano-Brañas, Espinosa-Chávez, Maccracken, Gutiérrez-Blando, de León-Dávila and Ventura, 2020)
(BENC 1/2-0092; paratype of Paraxenisaurus normalensis) several distal caudal vertebrae (70, 71 mm) (Serrano-Brañas, Espinosa-Chávez, Maccracken, Gutiérrez-Blando, de León-Dávila and Ventura, 2020)
?(BENC 1/2-0093) distal femur (Serrano-Brañas, Espinosa-Chávez, Maccracken, Gutiérrez-Blando, de León-Dávila and Ventura, 2020)
(BENC 1/2-0094) pedal ungual (Serrano-Brañas, Espinosa-Chávez, Maccracken, Gutiérrez-Blando, de León-Dávila and Ventura, 2020)
(BENC 30/2-001; proposed paratype of Paraxenisaurus normalensis) pedal ungual II, pedal ungual III (Serrano-Brañas, Espinosa-Chávez, Maccracken, Gutiérrez-Blando, de León-Dávila and Ventura, 2020)
(BENC 30/2-002) mid caudal centrum (Serrano-Brañas, Espinosa-Chávez, Maccracken, Gutiérrez-Blando, de León-Dávila and Ventura, 2020)
specimen including cranial elements (Rivera-Sylva, Frey, Stinnesbeck, Padilla Gutierrez, Gonzalez Gonzalez and Amezcua Torres, 2015)
Comments- The BENC material was discovered in the 1990s and described by Serrano-Branas et al. (2020) as paratypes of their new supposed deinocheirid Paraxenisaurus normalensis. However, only the distal metatarsal IV of BENC 1/2-0091 and pedal unguals of 30/2-001 are shared with the proposed holotype. The paper lists no proposed apomorphies or unique combination of characters for distal metatarsal IV, and the specimens preserve largely non-overlapping fragments of this element. Pedal ungual characters are listed in the diagnosis- "(9) distinctively broad and ventrally curved pedal unguals that angled downward with respect to the proximal articular surface and depending on the digit, the proximodorsal process becomes slightly enlarge and changes its position from nearly horizontal to mostly vertical, adopting a lipshaped appearance; and (10) pedal unguals with a rounded, large foramen on the medial side* and a deep ventral fossa that surrounds a strongly developed, ridge-like flexor tubercle." Ventral curvature is plesiomorphic, the unguals of BENC 30/2-001 are not broader than other ornithomimosaurs', and ventral angling with the proximal end held vertically is common in theropods and present in e.g. Garudimimus and Beishanlong. The proximodorsal process "changing its position" is using a difference between 30/2-001's mostly horizontal processes and the intended holotype's more vertical process as character, which in itself presupposes they are the same taxon. The ventral fossa surrounding a ridge-like flexor tubercle is also present in Harpymimus, Garudimimus, Beishanlong and large Dinosaur Park unguals (NMC 1349, TMP 1967.019.0145) and is not shown in the intended holotype but is claimed to be "partially broken." This leaves the medial foramen, which might be a valid character in unguals III and IV (II is damaged in that area), but might also be taphonomic, as there are many other small circular areas of damage (e.g. center of proximal surface of ungual IV). While the two unguals in 30/2-001 are similar to each other, that of the intended holotype is more strongly curved, has that smaller more dorsally angled proximodorsal process, is wider in proximal view, and lacks the expanded ventral half characteristic of ornithomimosaurs that is present in the other specimen.
While Paraxenisaurus itself is here regarded as Averostra incertae sedis due to the seemingly abelisaurid-like proximal metatarsal III, the proposed paratypes largely match ornithomimids. For instance, the distal caudals of 1/2-0092 have neural spines unlike paravians, but are more elongate than tyrannosauroids, therizinosaurs or oviraptorosaurs and are amphicoelous unlike alvarezsaurids. Similarly, distal metacarpal I of 1/2-0054 is similar in shape to Gallimimus, but more triangular than tyrannosaurids, Deinocheirus, caenagnathids or Deinonychus, and is of course unlike the modified elements of abelisaurids or alvarezsaurids. The reduced ginglymoidy is also like ornithomimids, but unlike carnosaurs, therizinosaurs and the other taxa, except not nearly as reduced as in abelisaurids. 1/2-0091 is the most controversial, though the absent femoral extensor groove is like abelisaurs and most maniraptoriforms, but unlike carnosaurs, tyrannosaurids or Deinocheirus. Contradicting this, supposed proximal metacarpal III is broader than metacarpal II and round, the latter unlike tetanurines although matching ceratosaurs. Abelisaurs' metacarpals are far more stout with reduced distal condyes though, suggesting this is probably not a metacarpal III at all and more likely a proximal radius. Similarly, the supposed distal metatarsal IV has a transversely flatter distal edge than typical of theropods and may instead be metatarsal III. While many Late Cretaceous taxa lack a ginglymoid metacarpal III, those of abelisaurids, Megaraptor, tyrannosaurids and alvarezsaurids are all reduced in structure, while those of caenagnathids and deinonychosaurs are reduced in width compared to metacarpal II. Given the ginglymoid structure in therizinosauroids, ornithomimosaurs match best.
Serrano-Branas et al. (2020) also refer several other Cerro del Pueblo elements to Ornithomimidae. While pedal ungual BENC 1/2-0094 is ornithomimid and caudal centrum BENC 30/2-002 plausibly so (with tyrannosaurid being the other obvious option), distal femur BENC 1/2-0093 is far more distally expanded compared to the shaft (2.62 times) than typical of Mesozoic theropods with a nearly closed popliteal fossa and pointed ectocondylar tuber like alvarezsaurids, but without the distally projected and pointed lateral condyle of the latter. Perhaps it is a bird instead?
References- Rivera-Sylva, Frey, Stinnesbeck, Padilla Gutierrez, Gonzalez Gonzalez and Amezcua Torres, 2015. The Late Cretaceous Las Aguilas dinosaur graveyard, Coahuila, Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 203.
Serrano-Brañas, Espinosa-Chávez, Maccracken, Gutiérrez-Blando, de León-Dávila and Ventura, 2020. Paraxenisaurus normalensis, a large deinocheirid ornithomimosaur from the Cerro del Pueblo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Coahuila, Mexico. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 101, 102610.

undescribed Ornithomimidae (Montellano-Ballesteros, Hernández-Rivera, Álvarez-Reyes, Andrade-Ramos and Martín-Medrano, 2000)
Late Campanian-Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Aguja or Javelina Formation, Mexico
Reference- Montellano-Ballesteros, Hernández-Rivera, Álvarez-Reyes, Andrade-Ramos and Martín-Medrano, 2000. Discovery of Late Cretaceous vertebrate local faunas in northern Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20(3), 58A-59A.

Sinornithomimus Kobayashi and Lu, 2003
S. dongi Kobayashi and Lu, 2003
Santonian-Campanian?, Late Cretaceous
Ulansuhai Formation, Nei Mongol, China
Holotype- (IVPP-V11797-10) (2.5 m; subadult) skull (183.1 mm), (cervical series 410 mm) atlas, axis (26.2 mm), third cervical vertebra, fourth cervical vertebra, fifth cervical vertebra (52.8 mm), sixth cervical vertebra, seventh cervical vertebra, eighth cervical vertebra (47.5 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (46.4 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (43.3 mm), partial cervical rib, (dorsal series 510 mm) first dorsal vertebra, second dorsal vertebra, third dorsal vertebra, fourth dorsal vertebra, fifth dorsal vertebra (37.6 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra (37.2 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (39.9 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (38.7 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (43 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (44.7 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra, seventeen dorsal ribs, sacrum, seven proximal caudal vertebrae (1- 49 mm; 3- 43.6 mm; 5- 44.1 mm), scapula (204 mm), coracoid (85.1 mm), (forelimb 540 mm) humerus (212 mm), radius (145 mm), ulna (147 mm), carpal, metacarpal I (41.2 mm), phalanx I-1 (76.3 mm), manual ungual I, metacarpal II (54.7 mm), phalanx II-1 (19.9 mm), phalanx II-2 (59.9 mm), manual ungual II, metacarpal III (53.8 mm), phalanx III-1 (13.9 mm), phalanx III-2 (14.6 mm), phalanx III-3 (42.9 mm), manual ungual III, ilium (268 mm), pubis (330 mm), ischium (236 mm), (hindlimb 1.04 m) femur (323 mm), tibia (335 mm, +12 mm for tarsus), fibula (323 mm), astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsal II, phalanx II-2 (26.7 mm), pedal ungual II (38.9 mm), metatarsal III (213 mm), phalanx III-1 (50.3 mm), phalanx III-2 (39.6 mm), phalanx III-3 (30 mm), pedal ungual III (35.5 mm), metatarsal IV (197.2 mm), phalanx IV-1 (25.6 mm), phalanx IV-2 (21.8 mm), phalanx IV-3 (14.5 mm), phalanx IV-4 (12.1 mm), pedal ungual IV (31.2 mm), metatarsal V (82.4 mm), gastroliths
Paratypes- (IVPP-V11797-1) (juvenile) nearly complete skeleton, gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-2) (juvenile) nearly complete skeleton including femur (165 mm), gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-3) (juvenile) nearly complete skeleton including femur (212 mm), gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-9) (juvenile) nearly complete skeleton lacking skull and distal caudal vertebrae, including gastralia, scapula, pubes, femur (194 mm), gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-11) (juvenile) nearly complete skeleton including skull (130.6 mm), axis, humerus (120.2 mm), ilium, femur (200 mm), tibia (205.2 mm), gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-12) (juvenile) nearly complete skeleton including distal caudal vertebrae, humerus (108 mm), radius (72.6 mm), femur (178 mm), tibia (177.1 mm), gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-13) (juvenile) nearly complete skeleton including distal caudal vertebrae, radius (79.8 mm), femur (195 mm), tibia (199.7 mm), gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-14) (juvenile) nearly complete skeleton including humerus (102 mm), femur (184 mm), gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-15) (juvenile) nearly complete skeleton including first sacral vertebra (28.3 mm), second sacral vertebra (30.9 mm), third sacral vertebra (27.2 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (26.7 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (27.5 mm), sixth sacral vertebra, humerus (99 mm), radius (67.9 mm), ischia, femur (181 mm), tibia (180.5 mm), gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-16) (juvenile) cervical vertebrae, pectoral girdle, forelimbs, gastroliths
(IVPP-V11797-17) (juvenile) anterior skull, cervical vertebrae
(IVPP-V11797-18) (juvenile) ulna, radius, ulnare, intermedium, distal carpal II, metacarpals, manual phalanges
(IVPP-V11797-19) (adult) ulna (246 mm) (femur ~480 mm)
(IVPP-V11797-20) (juvenile) coracoid
(IVPP-V11797-21) (juvenile) sacral vertebrae, ischia, partial femur
(IVPP-V11797-22) (juvenile) femur (201 mm)
(IVPP-V11797-23) (juvenile) hindlimb including femur (190 mm), tibia, fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsal II, proximal phalanx II-1, metatarsal III, proximal phalanx III-1, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1
(IVPP-V11797-24) (juvenile) partial femur, tibia, fibula
(IVPP-V11797-25) (juvenile) proximal femur, distal tarsal III, metatarsal II, metatarsal III, metatarsal IV, metatarsal V
(IVPP-V11797-26) (juvenile) partial tibia, astragalus, metatarsals, pedal phalanges
(IVPP-V11797-27) (juvenile) caudal vertebra
(IVPP-V11797-28) (juvenile) proximal caudal vertebra
(IVPP-V11797-29) (adult) femur (413 mm), tibia (441.1 mm), fibula, metatarsals, pedal phalanges
(IVPP-V11797-30) (juvenile) three distal caudal vertebrae
(IVPP-V11797-31) (juvenile) posterior skull, proatlas, atlas, axis
(IVPP-V11797-32) (juvenile) caudal vertebra
(IVPP-V11797-33) (juvenile) sacral vertebra
(IVPP-V11797-34) (juvenile) sacral vertebrae, ilium
Referred- (LH PV5) (1 year old juvenile) skull (134 mm), cervical series, most cervical ribs, dorsal series, dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacral centra, caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur 216 mm), gastroliths (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV6) (1 year old juvenile) skull (114 mm), cervical series, cervical ribs, dorsal series except some neural arches, dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, ilium, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur 194 mm), gastroliths (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV7) (7 year old subadult) skull, partial dorsal series, dorsal ribs, gastralia, partial caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur 364 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV8) (juvenile) skull, cervical series, cervical ribs, dorsal ribs, gastralia, caudal series except some proximal neural arches, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur 183 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV9) (juvenile) skull, dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, partial caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur 195 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV10) (juvenile) dorsal series, dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur ~200 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV11) (juvenile) cervical series, cervical ribs, dorsal series, dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, ilium, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur ~180 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV12) (juvenile) sacrum, caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, ilium, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur ~220 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV13) (subadult) dorsal ribs, sacrum, caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, ilium, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur 305 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV14) (juvenile) partial skull, dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, partial caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur ~230 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV15) (juvenile) dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur ~200 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV16) (juvenile) dorsal ribs, sacrum, caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur ~200 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
(LH PV17) (juvenile) dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, caudal series, chevrons, scapulocoracoids, forelimbs, pubes, ischia, hindlimbs (femur 205 mm) (Varricchio et al., 2008)
Diagnosis- (after Kobayashi and Lu, 2003) depression on dorsolateral surface of posterior process of parietal; fenestra within quadratic fossa divided into two by vertical lamina; low ridge on ventral surface of parasphenoid bulla; loss of posterolateral extension of proatlas.
Comments- The skeletons were discovered in 1997 and described briefly by Kobayashi et al. (1999, 2001) before Kobayashi described them in depth as a new taxon in his 2004 thesis (published as Kobayashi and Lu, 2003).
References- Kobayashi, Lu, Dong, Barsbold, Azuma and Tomida, 1999. Herbivorous diet in an ornithomimid dinosaur. Nature. 402, 480-481.
Kobayashi, Azuma, Dong and Barsbold, 2001. Bonebed of a new gastrolith-bearing ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Ulansuhai Formation of Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21(3), 68A-69A.
Kobayashi and Lu, 2003. A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48(2), 235-259.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Varricchio, Sereno, Zhao, Tan, Wilson and Lyon, 2008. Mud-trapped herd captures evidence of distinctive dinosaur sociality. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53(4), 567-578.
Takasaki and Kobayashi, 2015. Construction of a method to imply function of gastroliths from their features and its application to the herbivorous ornithomimosaur Sinornithomimus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 222.

Ornithomimus Marsh, 1890
O. velox Marsh, 1890
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Denver Formation, Colorado, US
Syntypes- (YPM 542) (adult) distal tibia, astragalus (76 mm high, 55 mm wide), calcaneum, metatarsal II (194 mm), phalanx II-1 (51 mm), phalanx II-2 (23 mm), pedal ungual II (45 mm), metatarsal III (215 mm), metatarsal IV (205 mm)
....(YPM 548) metacarpal I (56 mm), incomplete phalanx I-1, metacarpal II (53 mm), phalanx II-1, incomplete metacarpal III (~51 mm), phalanx III-3
Referred- (DMNH 33300) manual ungual (40 mm) (Carpenter and Young, 2002)
(UCM 3539) phalanx (Carpenter and Young, 2002)
(UCM 47633) distal caudal vertebra (Carpenter and Young, 2002)
(USGS D902) manual ungual (Carpenter and Young, 2002)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Ferris Formation, Wyoming, US
Material- ?(UW 26303) pedal digit II, pedal ungual (Lillegraven and Eberle, 1999)
?(UW 26305) (Lillegraven and Eberle, 1999)
?(UW 27205) (Lillegraven and Eberle, 1999)
Diagnosis- (after Claessans and Loewen, 2016) metacarpals I and II apposed for relatively short distance, only first quarter of their length; short and robust metatarsus (depth of mtIII diaphysis divided length of mtIII 11%).
(proposed) metacarpal I longer than metacarpal II (also in Anserimimus and Dromiceiomimus); relatively wide metatarsal IV; narrow pedal unguals (also in Dromiceiomimus).
Comments- The syntypes were discovered in 1889 and described the next year by Marsh (1890). Russell (1972) found the syntypes are of the right size to belong to the same individual, contra Marsh. Claessens et al. (2011) have prepared the specimens from the matrix and reexamined them, which led to its redescription by Claessens and Loewen (2016). The latter identified the material as adult and described three manual phalanges not previously published.
Ornithomimus was originally separated from Struthiomimus based on the supposed absence of metatarsal V (Osborn, 1916), though Gilmore (1920) and most later authors agreed the Ornithomimus holotype probably had metatarsal V in life and merely didn't preserve it. All ornithomimids were referred to Ornithomimus by most authors until Russell's (1972) revision separating Archaeornithomimus, Struthiomimus and Dromiceiomimus, and some even continued afterward (e.g. Paul, 1988). Though very fragmentary, the species has generally been placed with edmontonicus (here a junior synonym of Dromiceiomimus) based on the long metacarpal I. Yet this is also present in Anserimimus. Sternberg (1933) distinguished it from D. brevitertius (his O. edmontonicus) by smaller size, lower and broader astragalar ascending process, and comparatively broader metatarsus. The metatarsus proportions were commented on by Russell, who thought the proximal and distal metatarsal pieces do not contact, but this has been recently disproven (Claessens and Loewen, 2016). In fact, Russell stated the syntypes to be indistinguishable from D. brevitertius (his O. edmontonicus), though this is untrue. O. velox has a medial condyle on metacarpal I which is placed dorsally to the lateral condyle, space between metacarpals II and III, a third metacarpal which isn't placed ventral to metacarpal II proximally, and straight pedal unguals. Hartman et al. (2019) were the first authors to analyze O. velox as a separate OTU from O. edmontonensis and recovered it more basally positioned sister to Sinornithomimus, with 3 steps needed to force Ornithomimus monophyly.
The additional materal referred by Carpenter and Young (2002) to O. velox has not been described yet, nor have the specimens referred to O. cf. velox by Lillegraven and Eberle (1999). Osborn (1916) questionably referred several specimens from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta to O. velox, including AMNH 5201 (now Dromiceiomimus brevitertius), 5255 (tyrannosaurid hindlimb), 5257 (Struthiomimus sp. nov.), 5262 and 5264 (possible ornithomimids). He did the same for fourteen specimens from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, including AMNH 975 (Ornithomimus? sedens), 5884 (listed as Ornithomimus sp. on the AMNH online collections database), 5050 (Tyrannosaurus dentary), 5851 (Thescelosaurus humerus and femur), 1006, 5003, 5016, 5017, 5018, 5051 (all indeterminate ornithomimids- Russell, 1972), and 974, 5014, 5015 and 5019 (indeterminate theropod remains). DeCourten and Russell (1985) described MNA Pl.1762A as Ornithomimus velox, but it is kept separate below.
References- Marsh, 1890. Description of new dinosaurian reptiles. The American Journal of Science, Third Series. 39, 81-86.
Osborn, 1916. Skeletal adaptation of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 35, 733-771.
Gilmore, 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. United States National Museum Bulletin. 110, l-154.
Sternberg, 1933. A new Ornithomimus with complete abdominal cuirass. The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 47(5), 79-83.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
DeCourten and Russell, 1985. A specimen of Ornithomimus velox (Theropoda, Ornithomimidae) from the terminal Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. Journal of Paleontology. 59(5), 1091-1099.
Paul, 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster. 464 pp.
Wroblewski, 1997. Non-mammalian paleontology of the Latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene Ferris Formation, western Hanna Basin. Masters Thesis. University of Wyoming. 239 pp.
Lillegraven and Eberle, 1999. Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in southern Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology. 73(4), 691-710.
Carpenter and Young, 2002. Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology. 37(2), 237-254.
Claessens, Loewen and Lavender, 2011. A reevaluation of the genus Ornithomimus based on new preparation of the holotype of O. velox and new fossil discoveries. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2011, 90.
Claessens and Loewen, 2016 (online 2015). A redescription of Ornithomimus velox Marsh, 1890 (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36(1), e1034593.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Tototlmimus Serrano-Branas, Torres-Rodriguez, Reyes-Luna and Conzalez-Ramirez and Gonzalez-Leon, 2016
= "Tototlmimus" Serrano-Branas, Torres-Rodriguez, Reyes-Luna and Conzalez-Ramirez and Gonzalez-Leon, 2015 online
T. packardensis Serrano-Branas, Torres-Rodriguez, Reyes-Luna and Conzalez-Ramirez and Gonzalez-Leon, 2016
= "Tototlmimus packardensis" Serrano-Branas, Torres-Rodriguez, Reyes-Luna and Conzalez-Ramirez and Gonzalez-Leon, 2015 online
Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Packard Shale Formation, Mexico
Holotype- (ERNO 8553) distal manual phalanx I-1, proximal phalanx III-1, proximal phalanx III-2, distal metatarsal II, proximal phalanges II-1, phalanges II-2 (41, 41 mm), distal metatarsal III, proximal phalanx III-1, proximal phalanx III-2, partial phalanx III-3 (38 mm), distal metatarsal IV, proximal phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-3 (25 mm), incomplete phalanx IV-4 (22 mm), partial pedal ungual
Diagnosis- (after Serrano-Branas et al., 2016) distal ends of metatarsals II and IV contact directly with distal facet of metatarsal III; ametatarsal III with weakly ginglymoid distal articular facet that bears pits and deep longitudinal scars; medial and lateral sides of metatarsal III shaped in the form of metatarsals II and IV, so all distal ends fit together when articulated; asymmetrical and narrow pedal ungual with shallow grooves in medial and lateral sides; pedal ungual has ventromedial edge with deep sulcus close to articular end and ventrolateral edge with prominent keel; ventral surface of pedal ungual do not have flexor tubercle, instead it is weakly concave and contains small foramina.
Comments- Serrano-Branas et al. (2016) described this as a new ornithomimosaur closer to Ornithomimus than Garudimimus. Note that while the name was published online October 22, 2015, it did not include a ZooBank registration so was a nomen nudum until the March 2016 publication of the physical volume. Hartman et al. (2019) recover it sister to "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis".
References- Serrano-Branas, Torres-Rodriguez, Reyes-Luna and Conzalez-Ramirez and Gonzalez-Leon, 2016 (online 2015). A new ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Packard Shale Formation (Cabullona Group) Sonora, Mexico. Cretaceous Research. 58, 49-62.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

"Gallimimus" "mongoliensis" Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2006
Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Bayshin Tsav, Bayanshiree Formation, Mongolia
Material- (IGM 100/14) (~3.5 m) skull, mandible, ten cervical vertebrae, cervical ribs, at least five posterior dorsal vertebrae, several dorsal ribs, sacrum, twelve distal caudal vertebrae, fourteen chevrons, scapula, coracoid, humeri (297 mm), radii (~205 mm), ulnae, metacarpal I (77.7 mm), phalanx I-1 (111.3 mm), manual ungual I (74.5 mm), metacarpal II (82.2 mm), phalanx II-1 (35.4 mm), phalanx II-2 (93.3 mm), manual ungual II (60.7 mm), metacarpal III (76.6 mm), phalanx III-1 (26.7 mm), phalanx III-2 (30 mm), phalanx III-3 (67 mm), manual ungual III (54.7 mm), ilium, pubis, ischium, femora (403 mm), tibiae (391 mm), fibulae, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1 (57 mm), phalanx II-2 (27.4 mm), metatarsal III (271 mm), metatarsal IV, metatarsal V
Comments- Barsbold announced this species in a press conference on October 18 1996 at the Nakasato Dinosaur Center based on IGM 100/14. It's uncertain whether the name made it to print then, so it is credited here to Kobayashi and Barsbold (2006). Details about the species were available starting in 1997 on the Nakasato Dinosaur Center's website, making this an online-only name until recently. Kobayashi (2004 and its resulting publications) refers to it as Gallimimus sp., with the text including additional information. Kobayashi and Barsbold (2006) noted the distinctiveness of IGM 100/14 compared to Gallimimus bullatus, but did not officially name the taxon. They did illustrate the metacarpus and manual unguals, and photos of the mounted skeleton, skull and manus are available online at the Nakasato Dinosaur Center website and elsewhere. The manus and metatarsus are illustrated by Kobayashi (2004), while manual measurements are provided in Chinzorig et al. (2018). Hartman et al. (2019) found it groups with Tototlmimus instead of Gallimimus, taking 3 steps to make the genus monophyletic.
Several other Bayanshiree specimens are potentially referrable to this taxon, including part of the Bayshin Tsav bonebed of Chinzorig et al. (2017), IGM 100/202 (Chinzorig et al., 2017) and/or the Shine Us Khuduk skeleton (Kobayashi et al., 2014).
References- Kanna Dinosaur Center, 1997 online. https://web.archive.org/web/20070630202433/http://www.dino-nakasato.org/en/special97/Gall-e.shtml
Kobayashi and Lu, 2003. A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48(2), 235-259.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2006. Ornithomimids from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. 22(1), 195-207.
Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Kubota, Lee, Lee and Barsbold, 2014. New ornithomimid from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2014. 161.
Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Saneyoshi, Tsogtbaatar, Badamkhatan and Ryuji, 2017. Multitaxic bonebed of two new ornithomimids (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formnation of southeastern Gobi desert, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2017, 97.
Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Takasaki, Tanaka, Iijima and Barsbold, 2018 (online 2017). Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: Manus morphological variation and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494, 91-100.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247
Macdonald and Currie, 2019 (online 2018). Description of a partial Dromiceiomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) skeleton with comments on the validity of the genus. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56(2), 129-157.

"Ornithomimus" sedens Marsh, 1892
= Struthiomimus sedens (Marsh, 1892) Farlow, 2001
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lance Formation, Wyoming, US
Holotype- (USNM 4736) (~4.9 m) third sacral vertebra (71 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (71 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (79 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (84 mm), first caudal (71 mm), second caudal (66 mm), third caudal (62 mm), fourth caudal (61 mm), fifth caudal (58 mm), sixth caudal (57 mm), seventh caudal (55 mm), eighth caudal (56 mm), ninth caudal (56 mm), tenth caudal (58 mm), eleventh caudal (58 mm), twelfth caudal (58 mm), six chevrons (97-155 mm), partial ilia, proximal pubis, ischia
Referred- ?(BHI 1266) (5 m) skull, mandibles, atlas, axis, third cervical vertebra, fourth cervical vertebra, fifth cervical vertebra, sixth cervical vertebra, seventh cervical vertebra, eighth cervical vertebra, ninth cervical vertebra, tenth cervical vertebra, first dorsal centrum, partial second dorsal vertebra, partial third dorsal vertebra, ten dorsal ribs, thirteen rows of gastralia, scapulae, coracoids, humeri (400 mm), radii, ulnae, metacarpals I, phalanges I-1, manual unguals I, metacarpals II, phalanges II-1, phalanges II-2, manual unguals II, metacarpals III, phalanges III-1, phalanges III-2, phalanges III-3, manual unguals III, pubes, femur (632 mm), tibiae (700 mm), fibula, metatarsals II, phalanx II-1 (111 mm), phalanx II-2 (66 mm), pedal ungual II (~73 mm), metatarsals III (475 mm), phalanges III-1 (100 mm), phalanges III-2 (77 mm), phalanges III-3 (64 mm), pedal unguals III, metatarsals IV, phalanges IV-1 (46 mm), phalanges IV-2 (37 mm), phalanges IV-3 (32 mm), phalanges IV-4 (37 mm), pedal unguals IV, metatarsal V (Farlow, 2001)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada
Material- ?(CMN 9819) manual ungual I (Russell, 1972)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Hell Creek Formation, Montana, US
Material- ?(AMNH 975) pedal ungual (Longrich, 2008)
?(UCMP 154569) partial tibia, partial fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsus, pedal phalanges, pedal unguals (Longrich, 2008)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Scollard Formation, Alberta, Canada
Material- ?(TMP 1986.047.0004) ungual (Ryan and Russell, 2001)
Diagnosis- manus over 107% of humeral length (also in Struthiomimus).
Comments- Ornithomimus sedens' holotype was discovered in 1891 and described briefly by Marsh in 1892. It was later described in detail and illustrated by Gilmore (1920). Neither Marsh nor Gilmore noted any diagnostic characters, and assigned the species to Ornithomimus because they assigned all known ornithomimids to that genus. Russell (1972) could not refer it definitively to Ornithomimus, Struthiomimus or Dromiceiomimus, though he noted the proximal caudal proportions were intermediate between the latter two. Hartman et al. (2019) scored only the hoilotype and found sedens to emerge sister to Rativates and Kaiparowitz specimen MNA Pl.1762A, so neither in Ornithomimus nor Struthiomimus.
Carrano (1998) used "Struthiomimus cf. sedens" for BHI 1266 in his thesis, but theses don't count for nomenclature in the ICZN. Farlow (2001) is the first published reference I know of to use the combination Struthiomimus sedens, though he did so in quotation marks. These authors used the combination for a recently discovered specimen BHI 1266, which was also featured in Rainforth (2003), Senter and Robins (2005) and Bates et al. (2009) as Struthiomimus sedens, but has yet to be described. It is very complete, as can be seen on the BHI website. While it does share some characters with Struthiomimus, these are either plesiomorphies (short metacarpal I) or characteristic of a larger group including Gallimimus and other taxa (short skull; manual ungual III longer than phalanx III-3), except for the elongate manus, which is uniquely over 107% of humeral length in the two taxa as opposed to other post-Harpymimus ornithomimosaurs. Unfortunately, only the proximal pubes appear to be shared between it and the sedens holotype (judging by the in situ photograph of BHI 1266). Yet they are of similar size, share characters with the same group of ornithomimids, and from the same formation. They are thus both referred to the same taxon here.
UCMP 154569 was found in 1994 and tentatively referred to Struthiomimus by Blake (2016), who diagnosed it using- "a ratio of 7% maximum metatarsal III diaphysis anteroposterior width divided by length of metatarsal III, lack of a square distal cross section of metatarsal III where the ratio between anteroposterior and transverse diameters is about 0.81, and proximal overlapping contact where metatarsal II meets metatarsal IV."
Russell (1972) reported a first manual ungual from the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan that resembles that of Struthiomimus. Based on stratigraphy, it may be "Ornithomimus" sedens instead. Longrich (2008) has made the most explicit recent commentary on sedens, referring it to Struthiomimus, and referring several specimens to the species (AMNH 975, BHI 1266, TMP 1986.047.0004, UCMP 154569). He did state that further study was needed to determine if the holotype and 'cotype' are diagnostic. According to Gilmore (1920), there is no 'cotype' however.
References- Marsh, 1892. Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation. American Journal of Science. 43, 449-453.
Gilmore, 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. United States National Museum Bulletin. 110, l-154.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Carrano, 1998. The evolution of dinosaur locomotion: Functional morphology, biomechanics, and modern analogs. PhD thesis, The University of Chicago. 424 pp.
Farlow, 2001. Acrocanthosaurus and the maker of Comanchean large-theropod footprints. In Tanke, Carpenter, Skrepnick and Currie (eds). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. 408-427.
Ryan and Russell, 2001. The dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves). In Tanke and Carpenter (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 279-297.
Rainforth, 2003. Revision and reevaluation of the Early Jurassic dinosaurian ichnogenus Otozoum. Palaeontology, 46(4), 803-838.
Senter and Robins, 2005. Range of motion in the forelimb of the theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, and implications for predatory behaviour. Journal of Zoology. 266(3), 307-318.
Longrich, 2008. A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology. 51(4), 983-997.
Bates, Manning, Hodgetts and Sellers, 2009. Estimating mass properties of dinosaurs using laser imaging and 3D computer modelling. PLoS ONE. 4(2), e4532.
Blake, 2016. The latest known ornithomimid from the Upper Hell Creek Formation, Montana: Further closing the three-meter gap. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts, 98.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Rativates McFeeters, Ryan, Schroder-Adams and Cullen, 2016
= "Rativates" McFeeters, 2015
R. evadens McFeeters, Ryan, Schroder-Adams and Cullen, 2016
= "Rativates evadens" McFeeters, 2015
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Dinosaur Park Formation of the Belly River Group, Alberta, Canada
Holotype- (ROM 1790) (~8 year old adult) anterior skull, dentaries, partial twelfth dorsal vertebra, sacrum (61, 65, 55, 54, 66, 62 mm), first caudal vertebra (~55 mm), partial second caudal vertebra, incomplete ~third caudal vertebra (~40 mm), incomplete ~fourth caudal vertebra (46 mm), incomplete ~fifth caudal vertebra (46 mm), incomplete ~sixth caudal vertebra (~45 mm), ~seventh caudal vertebra (~42 mm), incomplete ~eighth caudal vertebra (42 mm), incomplete ~ninth caudal vertebra (40 mm), ~tenth caudal vertebra (40 mm), incomplete ~eleventh caudal vertebra (42 mm), ~twelfth caudal fragments, ~thirteenth caudal vertebra (39 mm), ~fourteenth caudal vertebra (40 mm), ~fifteenth caudal vertebra (45 mm), partial ~sixteenth caudal vertebra, three dorsal mid chevron fragments, incomplete ilia (395 mm) fused to incomplete pubes (327 mm) and incomplete ischia, incomplete femora (397 mm), tibiae fused with astragali (one incomplete; 430 mm), fibulae (one partial), partial calcanea, distal tarsals?, (metatarsus 296 mm) incomplete metatarsals II (281 mm), phalanx II-2 (37 mm), incomplete pedal ungual II (~44 mm), metatarsals III (one incomplete), phalanx III-1 (65 mm), phalanx III-2 (50 mm), phalanx III-3 (39 mm), incomplete pedal ungual III (~49 mm), metatarsals IV (one incomplete; 288 mm), incomplete phalanx IV-1 (39 mm), phalanx IV-2 (31 mm), phalanx IV-3 (20 mm), phalanx IV-4 (22 mm), pedal ungual IV (~39 mm), metatarsals V (95 mm)
Diagnosis- (after McFeeters et al., 2016) maxilla with contact for jugal short and blunt; mid caudal neural spines mound-like and anteroposteriorly reduced in transition point region; posterior contact of ischial shafts convex and completely fused; distal end of third metatarsal without concavity on flexor surface, and with straight flexor edge in distal view.
Comments- This specimen was discovered in 1934 and initially listed by Sternberg (1950) as Struthiomimus. Russell (1972) included it in S. altus, and used the skull for his composite Struthiomimus cranial reconstruction. McFeeters et al. (2013) noted characters of the specimen, while McFeeters et al. (2015) removed it from S. altus. This was formalized by McFeeters et al. (2016), who named the taxon Rativates evadens and provided a complete description. They found the taxon to emerge more derived than Sinornithomimus and Gallimimus using Choiniere et al.'s Nqwebasaurus matrix. Hartman et al. found it to fall out sister to "Ornithoimimus" sedens and Kaiparowitz specimen MNA Pl.1762A in their analysis.
References- Sternberg, 1950. Steveville west of the Fourth Meridian, with notes on fossil localities. Geological Survey of Canada Map 969A.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Carrano, 1998. The evolution of dinosaur locomotion: Functional morphology, biomechanics, and modern analogs. PhD thesis, The University of Chicago. 424 pp.
McFeeters, Ryan and Schroeder-Adams, 2013. New data on a partial skeleton referred to Struthiomimus altus (Ornithomimidae) from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2013, 175.
McFeeters, 2015. Evolution and diversity of ornithomimid dinosaurs in the Upper Cretaceous Belly River Group of Alberta. Masters thesis, Carleton University. 253 pp.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schroder-Adams and Evans, 2015. Morphological and taxonomic diversity in ornithomimids referred to Struthiomimus altus from the Campanian of Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 178.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schroder-Adams and Cullen, 2016. A new ornithomimid theropod from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36(6), e1221415.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

unnamed ornithomimid (DeCourten and Russell, 1985)
Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Kaiparowitz Formation, Utah, US
Material- (MNA Pl.1762A) (adult) posterior dorsal centrum, posterior dorsal centrum (56 mm), posterior dorsal centrum, posterior dorsal centrum, first sacral centrum (66 mm), second sacral centrum (64 mm), third sacral centrum (57 mm), fourth sacral centrum, fifth sacral centrum, proximal caudal vertebra (50 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (48 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (50 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (49 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (47 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (48 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (49 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (51 mm), distal caudal vertebra (53 mm), distal caudal vertebra (56 mm), distal caudal vertebra (59 mm), distal caudal vertebra (64 mm), distal caudal vertebra (65 mm), distal caudal vertebra (67 mm), distal caudal vertebra (67 mm), distal caudal vertebra, distal caudal vertebra, fragmentary ilium, pubic shafts, proximal femur, tibia (505 mm), astragalus (108 mm high, 80 mm wide), calcaneum, distal tarsals, metatarsal II (348 mm), phalanx II-1 (78, 76 mm), phalanx II-2 (34, 34 mm), pedal ungual II (59 mm), metatarsal III (365 mm), phalanx III-1 (71 mm), phalanx III-2 (53, 54 mm), phalanx III-3 (40, 61 mm), metatarsal IV (365 mm), phalanx IV-1 (46 mm), phalanx IV-2 (25, 26 mm), phalanx IV-3 (18 mm), phalanx IV-4 (20, 19 mm), pedal ungual IV (47 mm) (DeCourten and Russell, 1985)
?(RAM 6794) several incomplete ribs, fifteen caudal vertebrae, ilium, partial pubis, ischium, femora (one partial), tibiae (one partial), fibula, metatarsal II, metatarsal III, metatarsal IV, partial metatarsals, pedal phalanges (Zanno, Loewen, Farke, Kim, Claessens and McGarrity, 2013)
?(UMNH VP 9553) tibia (Zanno, Loewen, Farke, Kim, Claessens and McGarrity, 2013)
?(UMNH VP 12223) caudal vertebrae, metatarsal fragments, phalanges (Zanno, Loewen, Farke, Kim, Claessens and McGarrity, 2013)
?(UMNH VP 16260) distal caudal vertebra (Zanno, Loewen, Farke, Kim, Claessens and McGarrity, 2013)
?(UMNH VP 16385) radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpal I, manual ungual I, distal phalanx I-1, metacarpal II, distal phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, manual ungual II, incomplete metacarpal III, distal phalanx III-1, incomplete phalanx III-2, fragmentary phalanx III-3, manual ungual III (Neabore, Loewen, Zanno, Getty and Claessens, 2007)
?(UMNH VP 16698) tibia (Zanno, Loewen, Farke, Kim, Claessens and McGarrity, 2013)
?(UMNH VP 19467) limb element, pes (Claessens, Loewen and Lavender, 2011)
?(UMNH VP 20188) caudal vertebrae, partial pelvis, partial pes (Zanno, Loewen, Farke, Kim, Claessens and McGarrity, 2013)
?(UMNH VP coll.) skull (Zanno, Loewen, Farke, Kim, Claessens and McGarrity, 2013)
Diagnosis- (after Holtz, 1992) metatarsal IV backs metatarsal III proximally.
Comments- DeCourten and Russell (1985) described the fragmentary ornithomimid specimen MNA Pl.1762A as Ornithomimus velox based on the subequally broad and deep distal metatarsal III, straight pedal unguals and elongate pedal ungual II. Holtz (1992) stated that metatarsal III posteriorly overlaps IV slightly in proximal view in MNA Pl. 1762A, but not in the velox syntype, while Claessens et al. (2011) note it lacks the metatarsal II/IV ratio of O. velox. Hartman et al. (2019) found it to emerge sister to Rativates and "Ornithomimus" sedens, instead of with Ornithomimus velox.
Neabore et al. (2007) refer UMNH VP 16385 to Ornithomimus sp., but Lavender et al. (2010) found it to be more similar to O. velox than 'O. edmontonicus' (Dromiceiomimus brevitertius). Claessens et al. (2011) noted UMNH VP 19467 is more similar to O. velox than MNA Pl.1762A in having a metatarsal II longer than IV. However, their resulting paper (Claessens and Loewen, 2016) stated the elongation of the Kaiparowirz specimens' metatarasus was unlike velox and that the former two are "virtually identical." Zanno et al. (2013) note a number of undescribed Kaiparowitz remains and illustrate the manus of UMNH VP 16385. They also illustrate the distal caudal UMNH VP 16260, noting it lacks the interzygapophyseal and ventral prezygapophyseal grooves seen in Dromiceiomimus brevitertius. Further study is needed to show how many taxa are represented in the Kaiparowitz, and exactly how they relate to O. velox.
References- DeCourten and Russell, 1985. A specimen of Ornithomimus velox (Theropoda, Ornithomimidae) from the terminal Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. Journal of Paleontology. 59(5), 1091-1099.
Holtz, 1992. An unusual structure of the metatarsus of Theropoda (Archosauria: Dinosauria: Saurischia) of the Cretaceous. PhD thesis. Yale University. 347 pp.
Neabore, Loewen, Zanno, Getty and Claessens, 2007. Three-dimensional scanning and analysis of the first diagnostic ornithomimid forelimb material from the Late Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 123A.
Lavender, Drake, Loewen, Zanno and Claessens, 2010. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis and univariant measurement analysis on an undescribed Ornithomimus manus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2010, 120A.
Claessens, Loewen and Lavender, 2011. A reevaluation of the genus Ornithomimus based on new preparation of the holotype of O. velox and new fossil discoveries. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2011, 90.
Zanno, Loewen, Farke, Kim, Claessens and McGarrity, 2013. Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs of southern Utah. In Titus and Loewen (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Indiana University Press. 504-525.
Claessens and Loewen, 2016 (online 2015). A redescription of Ornithomimus velox Marsh, 1890 (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36(1), e1034593.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Struthiomimus Osborn, 1916
Diagnosis- (after Makovicky et al., 2004) manus 8% longer than humerus (also found in Ornithomimus? sedens).
(after Longrich, 2008) frontal with an orbital rim that is completely convex in dorsal view; frontals abruptly expanding posteriorly, with the anterolateral edge angled 40 degrees to the midline; strongly flattened dorsal edge of distal caudal vertebrae; ventrolateral edges of pedal unguals rounded (unknown in most taxa).
(after McFeeters et al., 2015) more anteriorly projecting pubis with pubic boot ahead of ilium; more sinuous profile of metatarsal III.
Other diagnoses- Osborn (1916) erected Struthiomimus for Ornithomimus altus because it possessed metatarsal V, which he incorrectly thought was absent from Ornithomimus velox. Later authors often realized Osborn's error and synonymized the genera, though Parks (1926, 1928, 1933) did name four additional species in Struthiomimus because they possessed the metatarsal (S. ingens, S. currelli, S. brevetertius and S. samueli). Russell (1972) revised ornithomimid taxonomy and was the first author to use real morphological differences to validate the separation of Struthiomimus from Ornithomimus edmontonicus (and his new genus Dromiceiomimus), though several characters he cites are now seen as invalid due to the recent synonymization of Dromiceiomimus with Ornithomimus edmontonicus. Notably, Dromiceiomimus samueli also has a humerus shorter than its scapula, antebrachium length overlaps Dromiceiomimus', and preacetabular, tibial, metatarsal and pedal digit length are no longer distinct. Furthermore, all the characters proposed by Russell to be apomorphies of Struthiomimus are symplesiomorphies when viewed in a cladistic context. The robust forelimb is plesiomorphic, being seen in all ornithomimosaurs except Dromiceiomimus, Gallimimus bullatus and Sinornithomimus. The curved manual unguals are also plesiomorphic, present in all ornithomimosaurs except Dromiceiomimus, Anserimimus and "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis". Dromiceiomimus is the only ornithomimosaur known with a presacral column not longer than its hindlimb, as opposed to Deinocheirus, Struthiomimus, Anserimimus, Gallimimus and Sinornithomimus. The proximal caudal centra are also posteriorly wide (over half their length) in Deinocheirus, Garudimimus, "Grusimimus", Gallimimus, MNA Pl.1762A and "O" sedens. The transition point is also posterior to the fourteenth caudal in Deinocheirus, Harpymimus, Anserimimus and Gallimimus. Metacarpal I is shorter than metacarpal II in all ornithomimosaurs except Anserimimus, Dromiceiomimus and Ornithomimus. The elongate manual ungual I (longer than ungual II) may be primitive for ornithomimids, also being present in "Grusimimus", Sinornithomimus and Anserimimus. The elongate manual ungual III (longer than phalanx III-3) is also found in Gallimimus bullatus, "G." "mongoliensis" and "Ornithomimus" sedens. Makovicky et al. (2004) proposed an elongate manus (>7% longer than humerus) as an additional apomorphy of Struthiomimus, and this seems to be true as it is otherwise present only in the somewhat distantly related "Ornithomimus" sedens, Harpymimus and Pelecanimimus. Kobayashi et al. (2006) and Longrich (2008) both proposed a small skull (<50% of femoral length) is unique to Struthiomimus, but this is also found in Gallimimus bullatus, "G." "mongoliensis" and "Ornithomimus" sedens. Longrich also proposed many characters to distinguish Struthiomimus from Dromiceiomimus (Ornithomimus in his use) and his new large Dinosaur Park ornithomimid, but most were not examined in a broader context. The convex ventral maxillary edge is also seen in Gallimimus bullatus, Sinornithomimus and probably "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis", for instance. Gallimimus bullatus shares the short postorbital portion of the frontal and dorsally flat distal caudal centra (in posterior view). Broad pedal unguals also seem plesiomorphic, being present in Anserimimus, Gallimimus bullatus and Garudimimus. Finally, the elongate proximodorsal process on its pedal unguals is primitive, found in Sinornithomimus, "Grusimimus", Garudimimus and Harpymimus as well.
References- Osborn, 1916. Skeletal adaptation of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 35, 733-771.
Parks, 1926. Struthiomimus brevetertius - a new species of dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 3. 20(4), 65-70.
Parks, 1928. Struthiomimus samueli, a new species of Ornithomimidae from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies, Geology Series. 26, 1-24.
Parks, 1933. New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous formations of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series. 34, 1-33.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Makovicky, Kobayashi and Currie, 2004. Ornithomimosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 137-150.
Kobayashi, Makovicky and Currie, 2006. Ornithomimids (Theropoda: Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26(3), 86A.
Longrich, 2008. A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology. 51(4), 983-997.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schroder-Adams and Evans, 2015. Morphological and taxonomic diversity in ornithomimids referred to Struthiomimus altus from the Campanian of Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 178.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schroder-Adams and Cullen, 2016. A new ornithomimid theropod from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36(6), e1221415.
S. altus (Lambe, 1902) Osborn, 1916
= Ornithomimus altus Lambe, 1902
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Dinosaur Park Formation of the Belly River Group, Alberta, Canada
Holotype- (CMN 930) distal pubes, distal ischia, femur (~455 mm), incomplete tibia (~560 mm), fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, distal tarsal III, distal tarsal IV, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II, metatarsal III (387 mm), phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, metatarsal IV (335 mm), phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV, metatarsal V (100 mm)
Referred- (AMNH 5339) (4.3 m, 153 kg) partial skull (240 mm), incomplete mandibles (~215 mm), axis (46 mm), third cervical vertebra (60 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (77 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (79 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (88 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (89 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (89 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (89 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (75 mm), dorsal vertebrae 1-12 (761 mm, first 63 mm, second 63 mm, third 55 mm), dorsal ribs 1-11, thirteen gastralia rows, sacrum (390 mm), first caudal vertebra (60 mm), second caudal vertebra (56 mm), third caudal vertebra (55 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (55 mm), fifth caudal vertebra, sixth caudal vertebra, seventh caudal vertebra, eighth caudal vertebra, ninth caudal vertebra (54 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (54 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (53 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (54 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (52 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (57 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (54 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (53 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (54 mm), chevrons, scapulae (350 mm), coracoids, humeri (310 mm), radii (228 mm), ulnae (246 mm), sesamoid (or metacarpal IV?), radiale, intermedium, pisiform, distal carpal I, distal carpal II, metacarpal I (89 mm), phalanx I-1 (114 mm), manual ungual I (85 mm adc), metacarpal II (103 mm), phalanx II-1 (44 mm), phalanx II-2 (89 mm), manual ungual II (100 mm adc), metacarpal III (103 mm), phalanx III-1 (28 mm), phalanx III-2 (28 mm), phalanx III-3 (68 mm), manual ungual III (87 mm adc), ilium (447 mm), pubis (475 mm), ischium (335 mm), femora (480 mm), tibiae (535 mm), distal tarsal III, distal tarsal IV, metatarsal II (325 mm), phalanx II-1 (85 mm), phalanx II-2 (35 mm), pedal ungual II (56 mm adc), metatarsal III (365 mm), phalanx III-1 (78 mm), phalanx III-2 (54 mm), phalanx III-3 (39 mm), pedal ungual III (52 mm adc), metatarsal IV (348 mm), phalanx IV-1 (47 mm), phalanx IV-2 (26 mm), phalanx IV-3 (19 mm), phalanx IV-4 (18 mm), pedal ungual IV (50 mm adc), metatarsal V (118 mm) (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 5355) frontal, posterior braincase, atlas, ten presacral vertebrae, four dorsal ribs, eight caudal vertebrae, chevrons, scapulacoracoid, tibia, fibula, astragalus, calcaneum (Osborn, 1916)
(AMNH 5375) two manual phalanges, femora (495 mm; one distal), distal metatarsal II, distal metatarsal III (~355 mm), metatarsals IV (one distal), four pedal phalanges (Russell, 1972)
(AMNH 5385) caudal vertebra, distal ischia, femur (370 mm), tibiae (408 mm), fibula, astragali, distal metatarsus, five pedal phalanges (Russell, 1972)
(AMNH 5421) posterior dorsal vertebrae, dorsal ribs, sacrum, proximal caudal vertebrae, humerus, radii, ulnae, pelvis, femora, tibiae, fibulae, astragali, calcanea, metatarsus, pes (Russell, 1972)
(AMNH coll.) pedal ungual (Longrich, 2008)
(CMN 8897) sacrum, ilia, distal pubes, distal ischia, proximal femur (Russell, 1972)
(CMN coll.) two distal caudal vertebrae (Lambe, 1902)
(TMP 1981.016.0264) distal caudal vertebra (Longrich, 2008)
(TMP 1993.109.0043) manual ungual (Longrich, 2008)
(TMP 1994.126.0001) fragmentary skeleton including forelimb, distal tarsal, metatarsal II, incomplete metatarsal III, metatarsal IV and metatarsal V (Currie and Russell, 2005)
(UCMZ 1980.1) partial dorsal ribs, fifteen gastralia rows, sacrum, scapulae (~380 mm), coracoids, sternal processes (150, 156 mm), humeri (362 mm), radii (239 mm), ulnae (256 mm), radiale, intermedium, pisiform, distal carpal I, distal carpal II, metacarpal I (104.2 mm), phalanx I-1 (127 mm), manual ungual I (95 mm), metacarpal II (110.1 mm), phalanx II-1 (40 mm), phalanx II-2 (113 mm), manual ungual II (~127 mm), metacarpal III (109 mm), phalanx III-1 (24 mm), phalanx III-2 (29 mm), phalanx III-3 (89 mm), manual ungual III (~98 mm), ilium (480 mm), pubis (476 mm), ischium (364 mm), femora (502 mm), tibiae (556 mm), fibulae (518 mm), astragalus (133 mm high), calcaneum, phalanx II-1 (91.2 mm), phalanx II-2 (47 mm), pedal ungual II (55 mm), metatarsal III (398 mm), phalanx III-1 (83 mm), phalanx III-2 (64 mm), phalanx III-3 (52 mm), pedal ungual III (~53 mm), phalanx IV-1 (46 mm), phalanx IV-2 (32 mm), phalanx IV-3 (25 mm), phalanx IV-4 (26 mm), pedal ungual IV (52 mm) (Nicholls and Russell, 1981)
Diagnosis- (after Longrich, 2008) compared to S. sp. nov. - less slender metacarpus.
Comments- The holotype was discovered in 1901 and described in 1902 by Lambe as a new species of Ornithomimus. In addition to the associated holotype material, Lambe described other remains "With these, as probably belonging to the same species..." This includes several juvenile Daspletosaurus premaxillary teeth. A supposed posterior dorsal vertebra (plate XIV figure 1) is actually a proximal caudal, though it could belong to another taxon instead. Of the illustrated distal caudal vertebrae, those of plate XIV figure 2-5 and plate XV figure 3-5 do seem to be Struthiomimus, while that in plate XV figure 1-2 may be Dromiceiomimus instead based on its slender proportions. The supposed manual ungual in plate XV figure 10-11 is not ornithomimid and may be a Troodon pedal ungual II instead. Found with this and apparently similar unguals and manual phalanges were an astragalus, calcaneum, pedal phalanges and two elements identified by Lambe as distal ends of metacarpal I and metatarsal I. A metatarsal I would exclude ornithomimids from consideration, but a calcaneum would exclude troodontids. It's probable some material was incorrectly associated or misidentified. Regardless, there's no reason to refer it to Struthiomimus. The pedal ungual in plate XV figure 8-9 may be either Struthiomimus or Dromiceiomimus. A supposed posterior dorsal vertebrae questionably referred to a "small individual" (plate XV figure 6-8) seems to actually be a deinonychosaur proximal caudal vertebra. He referred further Dinosaur Park material to altus as well, though this may be Dromiceiomimus samueli or Longrich's (2008) new ornithomimid. One specimen is from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, so may be S. sp. nov. or D. brevitertius instead. Osborn (1916) described two new specimens, separating altus from Ornithomimus as his new genus Struthiomimus. Many authors kept altus as a species of Ornithomimus until Russell's (1972) revision of ornithomimid taxonomy, where he noted several new specimens and distinguished it from Dromiceiomimus (including his Ornithomimus edmontonicus) using several postcranial ratios. Nicholls and Russell (1981, 1985) described a new specimen, the former publication concentrating on the gastralia and sternal processes and the latter on the pectoral girdle and forelimb. McFeeters et al. (2017) figured the calcaneum. Makovicky and Norell (1998) described the braincase of AMNH 5355 in detail. Currie and Russell (2005) listed a specimen (TMP 1994.126.0001) was Ornithomimidae indet., which was later partly illustrated as Struthiomimus altus by Serrano-Branas et al. (2016). Longrich (2008) noted S. altus is only known in the Dinosaur Park Formation, with the Horseshoe Canyon specimens belonging to a new unnamed species of the genus. McFeeters et al. (2015) restudied Struthiomimus and found the holotype may have diagnostic pedal phalangeal characters, but is not as solidly conspecific with more complete specimens as usually supposed. ROM 1790 was proposed to be a separate taxon based on several characters and was later made the holotype of Rativates (McFeeters et al., 2016), while CMN 8902 was also separated as closer to Qiupalong as later described in detail by McFeeters et al. (2017). McFeeters et al. (2018) figure the pedal unguals of the holotype.
References- Lambe, 1902. New genera and species from the Belly River Series (mid-Cretaceous). Geological Survey of Canada Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. 3(2), 25-81.
Osborn, 1916. Skeletal adaptation of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 35, 733-771.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Nicholls and Russell, 1981. A new specimen of Struthiomimus altus from Alberta, with comments on the classificatory characters of Upper Cretaceous ornithomimids. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 18(3), 518-526.
Nicholls and Russell, 1985. Structure and function of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae). Palaeontology. 28, 643-677.
Makovicky and Norell, 1998. A partial ornithomimid braincase from Ukhaa Tolgod (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates. 3247, 16 pp.
Currie and Russell, 2005. The geographic and stratigraphic distribution of articulated and associated dinosaur remains. In Currie and Koppelhus (eds.). Dinosaur Provincial Park, a spectacular ancient ecosystem rvealed. Indiana University Press. 537-569.
Longrich, 2008. A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology. 51(4), 983-997.
McFeeters, Ryan and Schroeder-Adams, 2013. New data on a partial skeleton referred to Struthiomimus altus (Ornithomimidae) from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2013, 175.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schroder-Adams and Evans, 2015. Morphological and taxonomic diversity in ornithomimids referred to Struthiomimus altus from the Campanian of Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 178.
Serrano-Branas, Torres-Rodriguez, Reyes-Luna and Conzalez-Ramirez and Gonzalez-Leon, 2016 (online 2015). A new ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Packard Shale Formation (Cabullona Group) Sonora, Mexico. Cretaceous Research. 58, 49-62.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schröder-Adams and Currie, 2017. First North American occurrences of Qiupalong (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) and the palaeobiogeography of derived ornithomimids. FACETS. 2, 355-373.
McFeeters, Ryan and Cullen, 2018. Positional variation in pedal unguals of North American ornithomimids (Dinosauria, Theropoda): A response to Brownstein (2017). Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 6, 60-67.
S. sp. nov. (Osborn, 1916)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada
Material- (AMNH 5257) three caudal vertebrae, scapulae (375 mm), coracoids, humeri (360 mm), radius (263 mm), ulna, metacarpal I (103 mm), metacarpal II (113 mm), metacarpal III (111 mm), partial ilium, pubes, ischia, femora (512 mm), tibiae (one proximal; 555 mm), fibula, astragali, metatarsal II (348 mm), phalanx II-1 (85 mm), phalanx II-2 (43 mm), metatarsal III (385 mm), phalanx III-1 (86 mm), phalanx III-3 (47 mm), metatarsal IV (355 mm), phalanx IV-1 (53 mm), phalanx IV-2 (32 mm), phalanx IV-3 (22 mm) (Osborn, 1916)
(TMP 1990.026.0001) skull (215 mm), mandibles, skeleton including atlas, axis, postaxial cervical vertebrae, cervical ribs, fourteen gastralia rows, proximal caudal vertebrae, distal caudal vertebrae, chevrons, scapula, coracoid, humerus, radius, ulna, distal carpal I, distal carpal II, metacarpal I (104.2 mm), metacarpal II (106.8 mm), manual ungual II, metacarpal III (108.7 mm), phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, manual ungual III, ilium (474 mm), pubis, femur (467 mm), tibia (506 mm), metatarsus (375 mm), pes (Sereno, 2001)
Diagnosis- (after Longrich, 2008) more slender metacarpus than S. altus.
Comments- Russell (1972) noted one specimen from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation could be diagnosed as Struthiomimus (AMNH 5257). It was previously questionably referred to Ornithomimus velox by Osborn (1916). The new skeleton TMP 1990.026.0001 was first published by Sereno (2001), who illustrated the skull and mandibles in his paper on alvarezsaurids. Its morphology has been commented on subsequently by Claessens (2004), Kobayashi (2004 and published versions), Ali et al. (2008), Longrich (2008), Cuff and Rayfield (2015) and Tsuihiji (2017). Longrich noted the Horseshoe Canyon specimens of Struthiomimus belong to a distinct species, but neither specimen has been described, nor has the species been fully diagnosed.
References- Osborn, 1916. Skeletal adaptation of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 35, 733-771.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Sereno, 2001. Alvarezsaurids: Birds or ornithomimosaurs? In Gauthier and Gall (eds.). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds. Yale University Press. 70-98.
Claessens, 2004. Dinosaur gastralia: Origin, morphology and function. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24(1), 89-106.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Ali, Zelenitsky, Therrien and Weishampel, 2008. Homology of the "ethmoid complex" of tyrannosaurids and its implications for the reconstruction of the olfactory apparatus of non-avian theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28(1), 123-133.
Longrich, 2008. A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology. 51(4), 983-997.
Cuff and Rayfield, 2015. Retrodeformation and muscular reconstruction of ornithomimosaurian dinosaur crania. PeerJ. 3, e1093.
Tsuihiji, 2017. The atlas rib in Archaeopteryx and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37(4), e1342093.
S? sp. (Lucas et al., 1987)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Formington Member of Kirtland Formation, New Mexico, US
Material- (UNM B-499B)
(UNM B-590)
(UNM B-745)
Reference- Lucas, Mateer, Hunt and O'Neill, 1987. Dinosaurs, the age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations, and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In Fassett and Rigby (eds.). The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the San Juan and Raton Basins, New Mexico and Colorado. Geological Society of America Special Paper. 209, 35-50.

Gallimimus Osmólska, Roniewicz and Barsbold, 1972
G. bullatus Osmólska, Roniewicz and Barsbold, 1972
= Ornithomimus bullatus (Osmólska, Roniewicz and Barsbold, 1972) Paul, 1988
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Tsagaan Khushuu, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM 100/11) (6 m, 440 kg) skull (330 mm), incomplete mandibles (~290 mm), atlas, axis (72 mm), third cervical vertebra, fourth cervical vertebra (~115 mm), incomplete sixth cervical vertebra, incomplete seventh cervical vertebra (171 mm), incomplete possible eighth cervical vertebra, incomplete tenth cervical vertebra, cervical rib fragments fused to vertebrae, fragments of first dorsal centrum, fragments of second dorsal centrum, fragments of possible third dorsal centrum, fragments of seventh dorsal centrum (82 mm), fragments of eighth dorsal centrum (94 mm), fragments of ninth dorsal centrum (103 mm), fragments of tenth dorsal centrum (105 mm), fragments of eleventh dorsal centrum, fragments of twelfth dorsal centrum (55 mm), dorsal rib fragments, first sacral centrum (98 mm), second sacral centrum (95 mm), third sacral centrum (92 mm), fourth sacral centrum (85 mm), fifth sacral centrum (115 mm), sixth sacral centrum (118 mm), first caudal vertebra (103 mm), second caudal vertebra (100 mm), third caudal vertebra (95 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (87 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (85 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (85 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (83 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (87 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (82 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (77 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (77 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (80 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (82 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (84 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (84 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (89 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (89 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (87 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (85 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (83 mm), twenty-first caudal vertebra (80 mm), twenty-second caudal vertebra (73 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (65 mm), twenty-fourth caudal vertebra (59 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (52 mm), twenty-sixth caudal vertebra, twenty-eighth caudal vertebra (40 mm), twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (35 mm), thirtieth caudal vertebra (30 mm), thirty-first caudal vertebra (26 mm), thirty-second caudal vertebra (22 mm), thirty-third caudal vertebra (20 mm), thirty-fourth caudal vertebra (17 mm), thirty-fifth caudal vertebra (15 mm), thirty-sixth caudal vertebra (13 mm), thirty-seventh caudal vertebra (10 mm), thirty-eighth caudal vertebra (7 mm), chevron fragments, scapulae (450 mm), coracoids, humeri (530 mm), radii (350 mm), ulnae (375 mm), distal carpal I, metacarpal I (98 mm), phalanx I-1 (135 mm), manual ungual I (95 mm), metacarpal II (115 mm), phalanx II-1 (53 mm), phalanx II-2 (100 mm), manual ungual II (98 mm), metacarpal III (105 mm), phalanx III-1 (32 mm), phalanx III-2 (36 mm), phalanx III-3 (74 mm), manual ungual III (~90 mm), incomplete ilium, pubes (~620 mm), incomplete ischium, femora (~665 mm), tibiae (740 mm with astragalus), fibulae (675 mm), metatarsal II (480 mm), phalanx II-1 (102 mm), phalanx II-2 (52 mm), pedal ungual II (50 mm), metatarsal III (530 mm), phalanx III-1 (90 mm), phalanx III-2 (70 mm), phalanx III-3 (50 mm), metatarsal IV (500 mm), phalanx IV-1 (62 mm), phalanx IV-2 (43 mm), phalanx IV-3 (32 mm), phalanx IV-4 (30 mm), pedal ungual IV (43 mm)
Paratypes- (ZPAL MgD-I/1; Tsagan Khushu, No. 1) (juvenile) skull (~185 mm), mandible (~160 mm), axis (~30 mm), incomplete third cervical vertebra (48 mm), incomplete fourth cervical vertebra, incomplete fifth cervical vertebra, incomplete sixth cervical vertebra (64 mm), incomplete seventh cervical vertebra (66 mm), incomplete eighth cervical vertebra (70 mm), incomplete ninth cervical vertebra (66 mm), incomplete tenth cervical vertebra (60 mm), fragmentary cervical ribs fused to vertebrae, several dorsal centra, dorsal rib fragments, third sacral vertebra (57 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (50 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (55 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (58 mm), first caudal vertebra (47 mm), second caudal vertebra (45 mm), third caudal vertebra (42 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (39 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (39 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (39 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (38 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (38 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (39 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (38 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (38 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (37 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (38 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (38 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (38 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (38 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (40 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (40 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (39 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (39 mm), twenty-first caudal vertebra (38 mm), twenty-second caudal vertebra (37 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (36 mm), twenty-fourth caudal vertebra (32 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (30 mm), twenty-sixth caudal vertebra (28 mm), twenty-seventh caudal vertebra (26 mm), twenty-eighth caudal vertebra (23 mm), twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (21 mm), thirtieth caudal vertebra (19 mm), thirty-first caudal vertebra (17 mm), thirty-second caudal vertebra (16 mm), thirty-third caudal vertebra (14 mm), thirty-fourth caudal vertebra (13 mm), thirty-fifth caudal vertebra (11 mm), thirty-sixth caudal vertebra (9 mm), several chevrons, fragmentary scapulacoracoid and forelimb, ilia, pubes (~300 mm), ischia (235 mm), femur (360 mm), tibia (384 mm), proximal fibula (~360 mm), metatarsal II (264 mm), metatarsal III (280 mm), metatarsal IV (270 mm)
(ZPAL MgD-I/10) two fragmentary sacral vertebrae, fifteen proximal caudal vertebrae, fragments of pedes
(ZPAL MgD-I/24) phalanx II-2 (33 mm), pedal ungual II (35 mm), phalanx III-1 (63 mm), phalanx III-2 (50 mm), phalanx III-3 (35 mm), pedal ungual III (35 mm), metatarsal IV (320 mm), phalanx IV-1 (40 mm), phalanx IV-2 (27 mm), phalanx IV-3 (18 mm), pedal ungual IV (32 mm), metatarsal V (90 mm)
(ZPAL MgD-I/33) ten caudal vertebrae, hindlimb fragments, other skeletal fragments
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(ZPAL MgD-I/32) fragmentary scapulacoracoid, fragmentary forelimbs, fragmentary femur (~410 mm), fragmentary tibia (~444 mm with astragalus), fragmentary fibula (~389 mm), phalanx II-1 (72 mm), phalanx II-2 (35 mm), pedal ungual II (37 mm), phalanx III-1 (65 mm), phalanx III-2 (50 mm), phalanx III-3 (34 mm), phalanx IV-1 (44 mm), phalanx IV-2 (33 mm), phalanx IV-3 (22 mm), phalanx IV-4 (20 mm), pedal ungual IV (31 mm), other skeletal fragments
(ZPAL MgD-I/74) fragmentary femur
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Bugin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(IGM 100/10) (juvenile) skull (120 mm), mandible (104 mm), most vertebrae and ribs, scapula, ilia (197 mm), pubes (182 mm), ischia (137 mm), femora (192 mm), tibiae (218 mm), fibulae (208 mm), metatarsal II (144 mm), phalanx II-1 (32 mm), phalanx II-2 (15 mm), pedal ungual II (21 mm), metatarsal III (157 mm), phalanx III-1 (31 mm), phalanx III-2 (24 mm), pedal ungual III (18 mm), metatarsal IV (148 mm), phalanx IV-1 (18 mm), phalanx IV-2 (13 mm), phalanx IV-3 (10 mm), phalanx IV-4 (9 mm), pedal ungual IV (14 mm)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Naran Bulak, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(ZPAL MgD-I/78) caudal vertebra, ilial fragments, incomplete tibia
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Nemegt, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(ZPAL MgD-I/7) third sacral centrum (95 mm), fourth sacral centrum (95 mm), fifth sacral centrum, sixth sacral centrum (118 mm), ilium (630 mm), pubis (620 mm), ischium (465 mm)
(ZPAL MgD-I/8) three dorsal centra, six fragmentary proximal caudal vertebrae, proximal humerus, femur (635 mm), tibia (~696 mm with astragalus), fibula (~621 mm), metatarsal II (463 mm), phalanx II-2 (51 mm), metatarsal III (510 mm), phalanx III-1 (97 mm), phalanx III-2 (75 mm), phalanx III-3 (50 mm), metatarsal IV (470 mm), phalanx IV-2 (50 mm)
(ZPAL MgD-I/11) five fragmentary dorsal vertebrae
(ZPAL MgD-I/15) two vertebral fragments, tibial fragments
(ZPAL MgD-I/39) ninth cervical vertebra, tenth cervical vertebra, second dorsal vertebra, third dorsal vertebra, seventeen distal caudal vertebrae
(ZPAL MgD-I/77) fragmentary scapulacoracoid
(ZPAL MgD-I/94) (2.15 m, 27 kg, juvenile) axis (24 mm), third cervical vertebra (35 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (41 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (45 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (47 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (44 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (48 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (46 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (42 mm), first dorsal centrum (33 mm), second dorsal vertebra (29 mm), third dorsal vertebra (27 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (29 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (29 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra (30 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (32 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (34 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (35 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (35 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (36 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (38 mm), first sacral vertebra (41 mm), second sacral vertebra (40 mm), third sacral vertebra (40 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (39 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (41 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (44 mm), first caudal vertebra (36 mm), second caudal vertebra (33 mm), third caudal vertebra (33 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (31 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (31 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (29 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (30 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (28 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (28 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (29 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (28 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (28 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (28 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (28 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (28 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (28 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (29 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (29 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (29 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (28 mm), twenty-first caudal vertebra (26 mm), twenty-second caudal vertebra (26 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (25 mm), twenty-fourth caudal vertebra (24 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (22 mm), radius (102 mm), ulna (106 mm), proximal metacarpus, ilia (270 mm), pubes (255 mm), ischia (200 mm), femora (270 mm), tibiae (292 mm), fibulae, metatarsal II (205 mm), phalanx II-1 (45 mm), phalanx II-2 (23 mm), pedal ungual II (24 mm), metatarsal III (220 mm), phalanx III-1 (44 mm), phalanx III-2 (35 mm), phalanx III-3 (24 mm), pedal ungual III (25 mm), metatarsal IV (210 mm), phalanx IV-1 (26 mm), phalanx IV-2 (19 mm), phalanx IV-3 (17 mm), phalanx IV-4 (12 mm), pedal ungual IV (23 mm)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(ZPAL MgD-I/14) fragmentary element
(ZPAL MgD-I/17) fragmentary element
(ZPAL MgD-I/18) fragmentary element
(ZPAL MgD-I/20) fragmentary element
(ZPAL MgD-I/51) fragmentary element
(ZPAL MgD-I/55) fragmentary element
(ZPAL MgD-I/58) fragmentary element
(ZPAL MgD-I/73) fragmentary element
(ZPAL MgD-I/75) fragmentary element
? Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
? Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(PIN coll.) material
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Altan Uul, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Referred- (IGM 100/142) incomplete skeleton including radiale, semilunate carpal, metacarpal I (63.1 mm), phalanx I-1 (93.7 mm), manual ungual I (36.1 mm), metacarpal II (65.2 mm), phalanx II-1 (39.3 mm), phalanx II-2 (80.4 mm), manual ungual II (75.4 mm), metacarpal III (64.2 mm), phalanx III-1 (23.8 mm), phalanx III-2 (27.6 mm), phalanx III-3 (59.1 mm), manual ungual III (61.5 mm) (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000c)
(IGM coll.; 970727 AU-III SND) hindlimb elements (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000c)
(IGM coll.; 970727 AU-III WTB 13:00) distal carpal I, distal carpal II, metacarpal I, phalanx I-1, manual ungual I, metacarpal II (~70 mm), phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, manual ungual II, metacarpal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, manual ungual III, hindlimb elements including pedal elements (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000c)
(IGM coll.) partial elements (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000c)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Bugin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
?(IGM 100F/17) distal metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II, distal metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV (Lee, Lee, Adams, Kobayashi and Jacobs, 2011)
?(IGM coll. if collected) vertebrae, gastralia, limb elements including metatarsals, gastroliths (Lee, Lee, Adams, Kobayashi and Jacobs, 2011)
(IGM coll.; 940824 BgT ENKH) caudal vertebrae (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000b)
(IGM coll.; 060817 BgT BD) partial skeleton including hindlimb (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
(IGM coll.; 060823 BgT TUI) tibia, metatarsals (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
(uncollected?) forelimb (Suzuki and Watabe, 2000)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Gurilin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(980809GT GU) partial pelvis including pubis, hindlimb includingf femur, tibia, fibula, calcaneum, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II, metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV, metatarsal V (Matsumoto, Hashimoto, Sonoda, Fujiyama, Mifune, Kawahara and Saneyoshi, 2010)
?(uncollected?) tibia (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000b)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Upper White Beds of Khermeen Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
?(HMNS 940813) material including metatarsal (Rensburger and Watabe, 2000)
?(HMNS 94-10-17, 94-10-18 and 94-10-19; 940817 KmT-I OTG) sacral vertebrae, ilia, pubis, ischium (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000b)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Khaichin Uul, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(IGM coll.; 980802 KhU coll.) elements (Suzuki and Watabe, 2000)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Nemegt, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(IGM coll.; 930927 NG MS) skeletons (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a)
....(HMNS 95-11-44) tibia, fibula, proximal tarsals, distal tarsal III, distal tarsal IV, metatarsals II, phalanges II-1, phalanges II-2, pedal unguals II, metatarsals III (one distal), phalanges III-1, phalanges III-2, phalanges III-3, pedal unguals III, metatarsals IV (one incomplete), phalanges IV-1, phalanges IV-2, phalanges IV-3, phalanges IV-4, pedal unguals IV, fragments (Matsumoto et al., 2000)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Shar Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(CMMD coll.) (juvenile) skull, mandibles, cervical series, dorsal series, dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, first to elventh caudal vertebrae, nine partial chevrons, scapula, humeri, radii, ulnae, manus, ilium, pubes, ischium, femora, tibiae, fibulae, astragalus, metatarsal II, phalanges II-1, phalanges II-2, pedal unguals II, metatarsals III, phalanges III-1, phalanges III-2, phalanges III-3, pedal unguals III, metatarsals IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanges IV-2, phalanges IV-3, phalanges IV-4, pedal unguals IV, metatarsals V, gastroliths (Gannon, online 2014)
.... (juvenile) incomplete skull, mandible, ~third to twelfth dorsal vertebrae, dorsal rib fragments, gastralia, sacrum, first to thirty-second caudal vertebrae, twenty-seven chevrons, scapula, coracoid, humerus, radii, ulnae, manus, ilium, ischium, femur, tibia, fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II, metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, metatarsal IV, metatarsal V (Gannon, online 2014)
.... distal ?pubis, distal ?ischium, distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal fibula (Gannon, online 2014)
?(PIN coll.) skeleton (Kurzanov and Bannikov, 1983)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Tsagaan Khushuu, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(IGM 100/1133) (subadult) material including skull (~150 mm), mandible and beak (Norell, Makovicky and Currie, 2001)
(uncollected?) femur (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(CMMD coll.) skull, mandible (Todd, 2017 online 1)
(CMMD coll.) five dorsal vertebrae, ten dorsal ribs, four sacral or proximal caudal vertebrae, scapula, coracoid, humerus, incomplete radius, incomplete ulna, partial ilium, proximal pubis, proximal ischium, tibia, proximal tarsal, distal tarsals, metatarsal II, metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV (Todd, 2017 online 2)
(IGM 100/12) material including skull, mandible, posterior cervical vertebrae, cervical ribs, six sacral vertebrae, first caudal vertebra, second caudal vertebra, third caudal vertebra, fourth caudal vertebra, fifth caudal vertebra, sixth caudal vertebra, seventh caudal vertebra, eighth caudal vertebra, ninth caudal vertebra, tenth caudal vertebra, eleventh caudal vertebra, twelfth caudal vertebra, thirteenth caudal vertebra, fourteenth caudal vertebra, fifteenth caudal vertebra, sixteenth caudal vertebra, seventeenth caudal vertebra, eighteenth caudal vertebra, nineteenth caudal vertebra, twentieth caudal vertebra, twenty-first caudal vertebra, twenty-second caudal vertebra, twenty-third caudal vertebra, twenty-fourth caudal vertebra, twenty-fifth caudal vertebra, twenty-sixth caudal vertebra, twenty-seventh caudal vertebra, twenty-eighth caudal vertebra, twenty-ninth caudal vertebra, thirtieth caudal vertebra, chevrons, humerus (370 mm), radius (236 mm), ulna, metacarpal I (69.7 mm), metacarpal II (72.5 mm), metacarpal III (69.2 mm), ilia (495 mm), pubis (485 mm), ischium (349 mm), femur (500 mm), tibia (508 mm), metatarsal III (360 mm), pedal phalanx II-1 (70.8 mm), phalanx II-2 (41.6 mm) (Barsbold, 1983)
(private coll.) skull (~240 mm), mandibles (Gaston Design, 2019 online)
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Baruungoyot or Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
?(ZPAL MgD-I/2) (ZPAL online 2006)
Late Cretaceous
Mongolia
(IGM 100/52) specimen including cervical vertebra, femur (400 mm), tibia (400 mm), metatarsal II (256 mm), metatarsal III (283 mm), metatarsal IV (263 mm) (Currie, 1998)
(IGM KID 499) specimen including femur (332 mm) and tibia (350 mm) (Macdonald and Currie, 2019)
(PIN coll.; UALVP 49395 cast) skull, manus, pes including metatarsal II (435 mm), metatarsal III (470 mm), metatarsal IV (440 mm) (Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Watabe and Barsbold, 2017)
Diagnosis- (after Osmólska et al., 1972) large size; very long snout, broad and flattened dorsoventrally at tip; laterotemporal fenestra subtriangular, jugal being excluded from its border; common exit for third and fourth nerves merges with optic fissure; mandible shovel-like anteriorly, with elongated external mandibular fenestra; length of presacral vertebral column equal to combined length of femur, tibiotarsus and third metatarsal; posterior width of proximal fifteen caudal centra greater than half of central length; transition point between caudals 15 and 16; humerus longer than scapula; manus equal to about a quarter of total forelimb length; manual ungual III shorter than phalanx III-3; metatarsus more than 70% of tibiotarsal length; metatarsal II equal 97% of metatarsal IV; pedal digit III equal to a third of tibiotarsal length.
Comments- Specimens in the hypodigm were first discovered in August 1963 and mentioned by Kielan-Jaworowska and Kowalski (1965). The holotype and ZPAL MgD-I/1 were discovered in June 1964- "an incomplete skeleton of a small (about 2.5 m long) ornithomimid dinosaur, consisting of a flattened, but well preserved skull, incomplete pelvic girdle, complete hind limbs and tail, found by Skarzynski, and an almost complete, though poorly preserved skeleton of a large specimen (5 m long) of ornithomimid dinosaur, found by Kielan-Jaworowska" (Kielan-Jaworowska and Dovchin, 1968). ZPAL MgD-I/1 was noted by Gradzinsky (1970) as "Tsagan Khushu, No. 1". Gallmimus was not named and described until 1972 however. While the braincase and postcrania were described in detail, some braincase features were reidentified by Currie and Zhao (1993), the mandible of ZPAL MgD-I/1 was described fully by Hurum (2001), and vertebral pneumaticity of ZPAL MgD-I/94 was described by Watanabe et al. (2015). "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis" (IGM 100/14) is here placed closer to Tototlmimus than to Gallimimus. Paul (1988) noted the beak shape was restored incorrectly by Osmólska et al. (1972). Note that most of the specimens referred to Gallimimus have not been referred based on characters distinguishing it from Anserimimus and the at least two additional unnamed Nemegt ornithomimosaurs (IGM 100/121 and 100/133 plus 100/134), so should be reevaluated once these other taxa are described in detail.
Osmólska et al. (1972) stated "Furthermore, some material of this species is known to be stored in the Palaeontological Museum, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, but was not referred to in this paper."
Barsbold (1983) first lists IGM 100/12 as a referred skull and postcranial skeleton of Gallimimus bullatus. Makovicky and Norell (1998) list several braincase characters. Caudal and appendicular measurements and several character states were listed in Kobayashi's (2004) thesis. It was also considered a G. bullatus specimen by Kobayashi and Barsbold (2006), who mentioned a few other forelimb characters.
Kurzanov and Bannikov (1983) note "a skeleton of the ornithomimid Gallimimus sp." from Shar Tsav, which was then considered to be part of the Baruungoyot, but has since been placed in the Nemegt.
The ZPAL collections website beginning in 1996 lists ZPAL MgD-I/2 as being G. bullatus "from Nemegt and Barun Goyot formations", but it is not mentioned in the literature.
Currie (1998) lists hindlimb measurements of Gallimimus specimen 100/52, while Zanno (2010) states it has ventrolateral ridges along its cervical centra and Tsogtbaatar et al. 92017) lists metatarsal measurements.
Rensburger and Watabe (2000) illustrate histology of Gallimimus specimen HMNS 940813, which would seem to correspond to a Japan-Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition field number from Khermeen Tsav (presumably the Upper White Beds that correlate to the Nemegt Formation).
Watabe and Suzuki (2000a) mention skeletons of Gallimimus found at the Central Sayr of the Nemegt locality on September 27 1993, and a "Gallimimus femur" found on September 18 at Tsagan Khushu. Matsumoto et al. (2000) note two articulated hindlimbs from the Nemegt material were prepared in 1996 and given the number HMNS 95-11-44. These are photographed, and compared to paratype ZPAL MgD-I/94, the toes are longer, the proximal metatarsus and distal metatarsal III width are intermediate between it and Anserimimus, and the shorter metatarsal II/IV ratio is more like Gallimimus. The tibiotarsal condyles are proximodistally deeper, but tibiotarsal curvature differences may be taphonomic.
Watabe and Suzuki (2000b) collected "skeleton of ornithomimid (Gallimimus?)" 940817 KmT-I OTG from the Upper White Beds of Khermeen Tsav on August 17 1994, listed as "Gallimimus ischium,ilium,pubis, caudal vert.". It was prepared in 1996 where the caudals were reidentified as sacrals and another ilium was noticed, and was given the numbers HMNS 94-10-17, 94-10-18 and 94-10-19, still identified as "Ornithomimid (possibly genus Gallimimus)" (Matsumoto et al., 2000). Watabe and Suzuki also mention a "long tibia of Gallimimus?" found on August 28 from Gurilin Tsav, and list 940824 BgT ENKH as "Gallimimus caudal vertebrae" found at Bugin Tsav on August 24. This latter specimen is probably the "Gallimimus skeleton (pelvic to caudal parts)" mentioned in the text.
Watabe and Suzuki (2000c) report a "Gallimimus nearly complete skeleton" from Altan Uul II found on July 21-28 1997, though a field number was not listed. Chinzorig et al. (2018) illustrated the manus of IGM 100/142 from Altan Uul II. The morphology of the manus closely matches the Gallimimus type, suggesting correct referral. Watabe and Suzuki also mention "Gallimimus isolated bones and fore limb" or "isolated bones of Gallimimus (hind limb, pes and manus)" from Altan Uul III, which correspond to "Gallimimus metacarpals and leg bones" specimen 970727 AU-III WTB 13:00 and "Gallimimus leg bones" specimen 970727 AU-III SND both found on July 27. 970727 AU-III WTB 13:00 is probably the specimen photographed as "articulated manus of Gallimimus, Altan Ula III (western Gobi region, Nemegt Basin)." Note this is not IGM 100/142, as the latter's left metacarpals are not broken, but the strongly curved unguals support this being Gallimimus as well. Watabe and Suzuki also state "partial bones of Gallimimus" from Altan Uul II were collected.
Suzuki and Watabe (2000) report "forelimb of Gallimimus was also discovered" on July 30 1998 at Bugin Tsav, and "isolated bones of Gallimimus" found on August 2 at Khaichin Uul.
Norell et al. (2001) photograph IGM 100/1133, a skull and mandibles with preserved keratinous beak. This is also near certainly the "partially crushed but remarkably complete skull of Gallimimus bullatus from the Late Cretaceous Tsaagan Khushu locaility" Norell and Bever (2007) CT scan to investigate braincase anatomy, with this illustrated in Bever and Balanoff (2017).
Matsumoto et al. (2010) listed 980809GT GU as Gallimimus "pelvic part and left hindlimb" from Gurilin Tsav. Note while it was said to be collected on August 9 2004, that would be a field number 040809Gt and the expedition was at Bayshin Tsav on that date. The hindlimb is photographed as "articulated hindlimb of Gallimimus (2004-11-100)."
Watabe et al. (2010) report "isolated bones and partial skeletons of ornithomimid (Theropoda) (probably of Gallimimus)" from Bugin Tsav discovered in 2006, of which 060817 BgT BD and 060823 BgT TUI were collected and referred to Gallimimus.
Lee et al. (2011, 2018) reported a bonebed discovered in August 2009 which was already largely destroyed by poachers, but which included an articulated pes (IGM 100F/17), possibly ornithomimid footprints and fragments left by the poachers. They refer it to Gallimimus instead of Anserimimus based on the unconvincing argument "all anatomical features of MPC-D100F/17 match the foot of Galllimimus" and "Anserimimus is not a well-known taxon and knowledge of its foot skeleton is incomplete."
Witmer (2012 online) has a cast of a skull with mandibles in his lab, which is a privately owned specimen from the Nemegt Formation on sale at Gaston Design (online 2019).
Gannon (online 2014) reported on a legal case (U.S. Attorney's Office Southern District of New York, online 2014) where smuggled dinosaurs were being returned to the CMMD in Mongolia, including "a rock slab containing two Gallimimus skeletons" and "two additional Gallimimus skeletons." Gannon's (online 2014) news story about it includes photos of the two articulated individuals, which are juvenile and also include the knee of a third individual. The lower individual includes gastroliths, a first for Gallimimus. These are labeled Ornithomimidae at the CMMD, with the plaque indicating it was from the Nemegt Formation and the map point positioned at Shar Tsav as far as Nemegt localities are concerned. Todd (online 2017 1, 2) shows photos of the two others, a skull and an articulated partial postcranial skeleton. The latter is labeled Ornithomimosaurus at the CMMD, with the plaque indicating it was from the Nemegt Formation of Gurvantes som, making several loaclities possible (Altan Uul, Bugin Tsav, Gurilin Tsav, Khaichin Ula, Khermeen Tsav, Nemegt, Tsaagan Khushuu).
Tsogtbaatar et al. (2017) list metatarsal measurements of "Gallimimus bullatus UALVP cast from Warsaw", which the UA website indicates must be UALVP 49395 from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia.
References- Kielan-Jaworowska and Dovchin, 1968. Narrative of the Polish-Mongolian palaeontological expeditions 1963-1965. Palaeontologia Polonica. 19, 7-30.
Kielan-Jaworowska and Kowalski, 1965. Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions to the Gobi Desert in 1963 and 1964. Bulletin de l'Academie Polonaise des Sciences, Cl. II. 13(3), 175-179.
Osmólska, Roniewicz and Barsbold, 1972. A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologica Polonica. 27, 103-143.
Kurzanov and Bannikov, 1983. A new sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 1983(2), 91-97.
Pawlicki and Bolechala, 1986. X-ray microanalysis of fossil dinosaur bone: Age differences in the calcium and phosphorus content of Gallimimus bullatus bones. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 25(3-4), 241-244.
Paul, 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster. 464 pp.
Currie and Zhao, 1993 (published 1994). A new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 30(10), 2234-2247.
Makovicky and Norell, 1998. A partial ornithomimid braincase from Ukhaa Tolgod (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates. 3247, 16 pp.
Currie, 1998 (published 2000). Possible evidence of gregarious behavior in tyrannosaurids. Gaia. 15, 271-277.
Matsumoto, Hashimoto and Sonoda, 2000. Report of preparation works for Mongolian specimens in HMNS from March 1994 to December 1998. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 113-127.
Rensburger and Watabe, 2000. Fine structure of bone in dinosaurs, birds and mammals. Nature. 406, 619-622.
Suzuki and Watabe, 2000. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1998. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 83-98.
Watabe and Suzuki, 2000a. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1993. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 19-29.
Watabe and Suzuki, 2000b. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1994. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 30-44.
Watabe and Suzuki, 2000c. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1997. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 69-82.
Hurum, 2001. Lower jaw of Gallimimus bullatus. In Tanke and Carpenter (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 34-41.
Norell, Makovicky and Currie, 2001. The beaks of ostrich dinosaurs. Nature. 412, 873-874.
Kobayashi and Lu, 2003. A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48(2), 235-259.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2006. Ornithomimids from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. 22(1), 195-207.
ZPAL, online 2006. http://www.paleo.pan.pl/collect.htm#Mon-reptilia
Kobayashi, Bronowicz and Barsbold, 2007. Ornithomimids (Theropoda: Dinosauria) from the Nemegt Formation (Maastrichtian) of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 100A.
Norell and Bever, 2007. The braincase of Gallimimus bullatus (Coelurosauria: Ornithomimidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 124A.
Matsumoto, Hashimoto, Sonoda, Fujiyama, Mifune, Kawahara and Saneyoshi, 2010. Report of the preparation works for Mongolian specimens in Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences: 1999-2008. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 167-185.
Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010. Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2006. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 11-18.
Zanno, 2010. Osteology of Falcarius utahensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda): Characterizing the anatomy of basal therizinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society. 158, 196-230.
Lee, Lee, Adams, Kobayashi and Jacobs, 2011. Theropod trackways associated with ornithomimid skeletons from the Nemegt Formation (Maastrichtian) at Bugin Tsav, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2011, 142.
Witmer, 2012 online. https://people.ohio.edu/witmerl/collections/Theropods/gallimimus.htm
Gannon, online 2014. Stolen 'Nest of Dinosaurs' Returned to Mongolia. LiveScience, July 14.
U.S. Attorney's Office Southern District of New York, online 2014. Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Return To Mongolia Of Fossils Of Over 18 Dinosaur Skeletons. July 10.
Todd, 2017 online 1. https://www.flickr.com/photos/101561334@N08/35555894602/in/album-72157683092773953/
Todd, 2017 online 2. https://www.flickr.com/photos/101561334@N08/35724774815/in/album-72157683092773953/
Watanabe, Gold, Brusatte, Benson, Choiniere, Davidson and Norell, 2015. Vertebral pneumaticity in the ornithomimosaur Archaeornithomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) revealed by computed tomography imaging and reappraisal of axial pneumaticity in Ornithomimosauria. PLoS ONE. 10(12), e0145168.
Bever and Balanoff, 2017. The role of endocasts in the study of brain evolution. In Kaas (ed.). Evolution of Nervous Systems, 2nd Edition. 1, 223-241.
Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Watabe and Barsbold, 2017. First ornithomimid (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Tögrögiin Shiree, Mongolia. Scientific Reports. 7:5835.
Chinzorig, Kobayashi, Tsogtbaatar, Currie, Takasaki, Tanaka, Iijima and Barsbold, 2018 (online 2017). Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: Manus morphological variation and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494, 91-100.
Lee, Lee, Adams, Currie, Kobayashi, Jacobs and Koppelhus, 2018 (online, 2017). Theropod trackways associated with a Gallimimus foot skeleton from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494, 160-167.
Gaston Design, 2019 online. https://www.gastondesign.com/product/gallimimus-skull-base/
Macdonald and Currie, 2019 (online 2018). Description of a partial Dromiceiomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) skeleton with comments on the validity of the genus. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56(2), 129-157.

unnamed clade (Anserimimus planinychus + Dromiceiomimus brevitertius)
Diagnosis- metacarpal I longer than metacarpal II; medial and lateral condyles of metacarpal I dorsoventrally level; metacarpals II and III appressed for their entire lengths; manual phalanx II-1 more than twice the length of phalanx III-1; manual unguals almost straight.

Anserimimus Barsbold, 1988a
A. planinychus Barsbold, 1988a
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Bugin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM 100/300) nine cervical vertebrae, twelve dorsal vertebrae, at least fourteen dorsal ribs, six sacral vertebrae, first caudal vertebra (61.3 mm), second caudal vertebra (61.5 mm), third caudal vertebra (62 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (58.1 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (60.5 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (56.5 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (58.5 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (58.7 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (58.1 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (59.7 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (58.5 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (60 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (58 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (58.4 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (58.3 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (59 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (63.3 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra, nineteenth caudal vertebra (63 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra, twenty-first caudal vertebra (62.1 mm), twenty-second caudal vertebra (64 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (59.4 mm), twenty-fourth caudal vertebra (60 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (52.9 mm), twenty-sixth caudal vertebra (50.5 mm), twenty-seventh caudal vertebra, twenty-eighth caudal vertebra, twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (34 mm), thirtieth caudal vertebra (30 mm), thirty-first caudal vertebra, thirty-second caudal vertebra (22.5 mm), thirty-third caudal vertebra (20.5 mm), thirty-fourth caudal vertebra (18.5 mm), thirty-fifth caudal vertebra (23 mm), sixteen chevrons, partial scapulocoracoid, humeri (260 mm), radii (208 mm), ulnae, ulnare, distal carpal I, distal carpal II, metacarpals I (73.5 mm), phalanges I-1 (103 mm), manual unguals I (75 mm), metacarpals II (73 mm), phalanx II-1 (49 mm), phalanx II-2 (74 mm), manual ungual II (~65 mm), metacarpals III (73.6 mm), phalanx III-1 (32 mm), phalanx III-2 (22 mm), phalanx III-3 (49 mm), ilium (480 mm), pubes (465 mm), ischium, femora (435 mm), tibiae (~486 mm), fibulae, astragalus, metatarsals II (265 mm), phalanx II-1 (66.7 mm), phalanx II-2 (31.8 mm), metatarsals III (295 mm), metatarsals IV (280 mm), pedal phalanges, metatarsal V
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Tsagaan Khushuu, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Referred- ?(ZPAL MgD-I/23) manual ungual (Bronowicz, 2005)
?(ZPAL MgD-I/65) axial centrum, anterior cervical centrum, partial anterior cervical vertebra, mid cervical centrum, mid cervical centrum, partial ninth cervical vertebra, tenth cervical centrum, first dorsal centrum, second dorsal centrum, incomplete dorsal centrum, dorsal central fragment, two sacral centra, first caudal centrum, second caudal centrum, third caudal centrum, fourth caudal centrum, fifth caudal centrum, sixth caudal centrum, scapular fragments, proximal metacarpal I, proximal phalanx I-1, incomplete manual ungual I, metacarpals II (99 mm), proximal phalanx II-1, phalanges II-2, fragmentary manual ungual II, phalanges III-3 (77 mm), fragmentary pubis, fragmentary ischium, femoral fragments, partial phalanges II-1, proximal phalanx II-2, partial phalanges III-1, phalanx III-2, incomplete phalanx III-3, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV (Bronowicz, 2005)
?(ZPAL MgD-I/66) manual ungual I, manual phalanx III-3 (Bronowicz, 2005)
?(ZPAL MgD-I/223) fragmentary manual phalanges (Bronowicz, 2005)
?(ZPAL MgD-I/231) manual ungual (Bronowicz, 2005)
?(ZPAL MgD-I/232) manual ungual III (Bronowicz, 2005)
?(ZPAL MgD-I/233) manual ungual (Bronowicz, 2005)
Diagnosis- widened, massive epipophyses of humerus; high, thickened deltopectoral crest; fused metacarpus; manual phalanx II-2 <150% of phalanx II-1; manual phalanx III-2 <70% of III-1; ligament pits absent on manual phalanges III-1 and III-2; arctometatarsalian condition well developed (mt's II and IV contact for ~40% of length).
Comments- Barsbold (1988a,b) only briefly described some of the material - the pectoral girdle, manus and metatarsus. However, Hwang et al. (2004) and especially Kobayashi (2004 and resulting publications) have both coded it for their data matrices, and the latter describes numerous features as well. Kobayashi and Barsbold (2006) illustrated the humerus and manus and described some further aspects of the taxon. The holotype is mounted and online photographs reveal it to be nearly complete. Bronowicz (2005) describes and illustrates additional fragmentary specimens in his thesis. These were later published in 2011 as aff. Anserimimus, as they differ from the holotype in manual phalanx III-3 is longer than II-2, the manual unguals are less dorsoventrally compressed and have less developed side alae. While this may be correct, the holotype has yet to be described in detail, phalangeal proportions are known to vary in other ornithomimid species, and variation in ungual flattening or ala size have yet to be examined in other taxa. As they are from the same formation, they are provisionally placed in the same taxon here.
References- Barsbold, 1988a. Novyy pozdnemelovoy ornitomimid iz MNR. Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal. 1988(1), 122-125.
Barsbold, 1988b. A new Late Cretaceous ornithomimid from the Mongolian People's Republic. Paleontological Journal. 1988(1), 124-127.
Hwang, Norell, Ji and Gao, 2004. A large compsognathid from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. Journal of Systematic Palaentology. 2(1), 13-30.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Bronowicz, 2005. Upper Cretaceous dinosaur Anserimimus planinychus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) from Mongolia. Masters Thesis. Warsaw University. 13 pp.
Kobayashi and Barsbold, 2006. Ornithomimids from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. 22(1), 195-207.
Kobayashi, Bronowicz and Barsbold, 2007. Ornithomimids (Theropoda: Dinosauria) from the Nemegt Formation (Maastrichtian) of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 100A.
Bronowicz, 2011. New material of a derived ornithomimosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56(3), 477-488.

Qiupalong Xu, Kobayashi, Lu, Lee, Liu, Tanaka, Zhang, Jia and Zhang, 2011
= "Qiupalong" Xu, Kobayashi, Lu, Lee, Liu, Tanaka, Zhang, Jia and Zhang, 2010 online
Diagnosis- (after Xu et al., 2011) notch on lateral surface of medial posterior process of proximal end of tibia; small pit at contact between astragalus and calcaneum.
Q. henanensis Xu, Kobayashi, Lu, Lee, Liu, Tanaka, Zhang, Jia and Zhang, 2011
= "Qiupalong henanensis" Xu, Kobayashi, Lu, Lee, Liu, Tanaka, Zhang, Jia and Zhang, 2010 online
Late Cretaceous
Qiupa Formation, Henan, China
Holotype- (HGM 41HIII-0106) (larger individual) tibia (384 mm), incomplete astragalus (57.4 mm wide), calcaneum, metatarsal II (224 mm), incomplete metatarsal III, pedal ungual III (29.7 mm), metatarsal IV (233 mm)
(smaller individual) partial ilia, pubes (one incomplete; 320 mm), proximal ischia, phalanx II-2 (31.3 mm)
Comments- Xu et al.'s paper was available online on December 14 2010 but not officially published until April 2011.
Before it was named, Kobayashi et al. (2008) found this to be the basalmost ornithomimid, but Xu et al. (2011) later entered it into a version of Kobayashi's ornithomimosaur analysis and resolved it as sister to Dromiceiomimus+Struthiomimus. Hartman et al. (2019) recovers it as sister to Dromiceiomimus, with Anserimimus the next taxon out.
References- Kobayashi, Lu, Lee, Xu and Zhang, 2008. A new basal ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous in Henan province of China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28(3), 101A.
Xu, Kobayashi, Lu, Lee, Liu, Tanaka, Zhang, Jia and Zhang, 2011 (online 2010). A new ornithomimid dinosaur with North American affinities from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation in Henan Province of China. Cretaceous Research. 32(2), 213-222.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247
Q. sp. (Russell, 1972)
Mid-Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Belly River Group, Alberta, Canada
Material- (CMN 8902) cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, ribs, caudal vertebrae, scapulacoracoid, proximal humerus, ulna, ilia (one fragmentary), distal pubes, proximal femur (Russell, 1972)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Dinosaur Park Formation of the Belly River Group, Alberta, Canada
(UALVP 53595) partial astragalocalcaneum (McFeeters, Ryan, Schröder-Adams and Currie, 2017)
?(UALVP 52861) pedal ungual (42 mm) (McFeeters, Ryan, Schröder-Adams and Currie, 2017)
Comments- Originally identified as Struthiomimus altus by Russell (1972), CMN 8902 was separated by McFeeters et al. (2015) based on the straight distal pubis and very short anterior pubic boot, stated to be more similar to Qiupalong. They elaborated on this in 2017, finding characters used to assign it to Struthiomimus are either also present in Qiupalong (pubic apron arising from middle of shaft) or unknown in Qiupalong but present in Gallimimus (broad proximal caudal centra) or Anserimimus (robust forelimb).
References- Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schroder-Adams and Evans, 2015. Morphological and taxonomic diversity in ornithomimids referred to Struthiomimus altus from the Campanian of Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 178.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schröder-Adams and Currie, 2017. First North American occurrences of Qiupalong (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) and the palaeobiogeography of derived ornithomimids. FACETS. 2, 355-373.

Dromiceiomimus Russell, 1972
Diagnosis- (modified from Russell, 1972) length of presacral vertebral column less than combined lengths of femur, tibia-astragalus and metatarsal III; posterior width of proximal 15 caudal centra less than half of central length (unknown in Anserimimus); transition point between proximal and distal segments of tail occurs before caudal 14.
(after Makovicky et al., 2004) bifurcated dorsal process of the quadratojugal (unknown in Anserimimus); deep embayment along the posterior border of the quadratojugal for the paraquadratic foramen (unknown in Anserimimus).
(after Kobayashi et al., 2006) accessory process of the anterior process of the postorbital (unknown in Anserimimus); ridge and groove articulation between prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses of the distal caudal vertebrae (unknown in Anserimimus).
(after Longrich, 2008) relatively straight ventral edge of the maxilla (unknown in Anserimimus); an orbital rim on the frontal that is relatively straight in dorsal view (unknown in Anserimimus); dorsally convex distal caudal centra (in posterior view) (unknown in Anserimimus); distal caudal neural spines not in trough on neural arch (unknown in Anserimimus); slender distal caudal neural arch placed anteriorly (unknown in Anserimimus); slender distal caudal prezygapophyses (unknown in Anserimimus); pedal unguals narrow in ventral view (also in Ornithomimus); ventral surface of pedal unguals weakly concave (unknown in Anserimimus); one or both ventrolateral edges of pedal unguals sharp (unknown in Anserimimus).
(proposed) differs from Anserimimus in - slender humerus (proximal width <20% of length) (also in Sinornithomimus and Gallimimus); pubic boot >40% of pubic length (also in Struthiomimus and Qiupalong); pubic boot ventrally convex (also in Struthiomimus, Qiupalong, "Ornithomimus" sedens and "Gallimimus" "mongoliensis").
Comments- Russell (1972) was the first to justify generic separation of Struthiomimus from Ornithomimus on valid morphological grounds, also moving two former species of Struthiomimus (S. brevetertius and S. samueli) to a new genus - Dromiceiomimus. Dromiceiomimus supposedly differed from Ornithomimus edmontonicus in - humerus shorter than scapula; ulna ~70% femoral length; preacetabular process, tibia, metatarsus and pedal digit III longer compared to femur. Makovicky et al. (2004) stated there is no statistical support for Dromiceiomimus using Russell's ratios and synonymized Dromiceiomimus with Ornithomimus edmontonicus, but did not go into details. The scapula and humerus are only both known in three specimens (ROM 851 from the Horseshoe Canyon and ROM 840 and TMP 1995.110.0001 from the Dinosaur Park), of which the first has a scapula shorter than its humerus, and the latter two have scapulae longer than their humeri. The first was referred to edmontonicus by Russell and the second to Dromiceiomimus. This could just as easily be attributed to D. brevitertius and D. samueli as defined below, but is based on a very small sample size. No Dromiceiomimus (sensu Russell) specimen preserves the ulna and femur, and no specimen is preserved with such an elongate ulna, the 71% ratio cited by Russell resulting from assuming the estimated ulnohumeral ratio of ROM 840 is present in AMNH 5201. But ROM 840 has a crushed radius and ulna which makes measurements tentative and if we assume an ulnohumeral ratio more like CMN 8632 and ROM 851 (which are from the same formation as AMNH 5201), we get a more reasonable 55-57%. Those specimens with preserved ulnae and femora (ROM 851 from the Horseshoe Canyon and CMN 12441 and TMP 1995.110.0001 from the Dinosaur Park) have lower and similar ratios (47%, 50% and 51% respectively). AMNH 5201's ratio is still larger because it has a longer humerus (75% of femoral length compared to 63% in ROM 12441 and 65% in ROM 851). This may be diagnostic, but the sample sizes are again small. Measured from the tip to the anterior pubic peduncle edge, the preacetabular process of ROM 852 (22%) actually seems shorter than that of ROM 851 (28%), the former being referred to Dromiceiomimus by Russell and the latter to edmontonicus. Dromiceiomimus specimen CMN 12228 has a ratio of 35%, and TMP 1995.110.0001's is 29%. So this does not support Russell's grouping. As for the hindlimb proportions, only two specimens referred to edmontonicus by Russell preserve tibiofemoral ratios (ROM 851 109% and CMN 12441 110%), which have smaller ratios than the six Dromiceiomimus specimens (119-136%). Only one specimen referred to edmontonicus by Russell preserves the metatarsofemoral ratio (ROM 851 73%), which is lower than five Dromiceiomimus specimens (74-85%). However, not only is this very slightly lower than the lowest Dromiceiomimus ratio (in ROM 797), it also seems to be an allometric trend, as the data points line up with larger specimens having comparatively longer metatarsi. Further evidence against these ratios having taxonomic value comes from newly discovered TMP 1995.110.0001, which has a tibia in the edmontonicus range, but a metatarsus in the Dromiceiomimus range. Finally, only one specimen referred to edmontonicus preserves pedal digit III (ROM 851 38% excluding the ungual), which is indeed lower than the two Dromiceiomimus specimens (ROM 797 40% and ROM 852 43%), but again not by much, and again it follows an allometric trend. TMP 1995.110.0001 doesn't preserve pedal digit III, unfortunately. In conclusion, scapulohumeral ratios are ambiguous, AMNH 5201 has a 10-12% longer humerus than two other specimens, preacetabular lengths don't follow Russell's divisions, ROM 851 and CMN 12441 have tibiae 9-10% shorter than the shortest Dromiceiomimus, and metatarsal and pedal lengths are allometric. One might argue that despite the small sample sizes, the differences in humerus and tibia length are expressed consistantly, but the specimen with the elongate humerus plots between edmontonicus and other Dromiceiomimus in tibiofemoral ratio, so doesn't necessarily group with Dromiceiomimus. Notably Russell also diagnosed Ornithomimus with several manual characters and Dromiceiomimus with two caudal characters, but the manus of Dromiceiomimus and tail of Ornithomimus were poorly known at the time and new specimens like TMP 1995.110.0001 show both sets of characters (<15 caudal vertebrae with transverse processes; metacarpal I longer than II). This would all support Makovicky et al.'s synonymization except that both he and Russell used Ornithomimus edmontonicus as a stand in for Ornithomimus, but O. velox is the type species of the genus. Russell only placed edmontonicus in Ornithomimus because of its long metacarpal I, and Makovicky et al. did not list any additional justification. Yet O. velox does not clade with brevitertius (= edmontonicus) or samueli in the only published matrix to test this (Hartman et al., 2019). For instance, O. velox lacks appressed metacarpals II and III and seems to have a medial distal condyle on metacarpal I positioned higher than its lateral condyle, both less similar to Dromiceiomimus than Anserimimus is.
Additional characters used by Russell to separate Dromiceiomimus and/or edmontonicus from Struthiomimus have a broader distribution when examined in a cladistic context. The short manus (<107% of humeral length) is primitive for ornithomimids, also being found in Sinornithomimus, Anserimimus, Gallimimus and "G." "mongoliensis". The elongate metacarpal I is shared with Anserimimus. The short manual unguals (III shorter than phalanx III-3) are plesiomorphic, also found in Sinornithomimus, "Grusimimus", Harpymimus, Shenzhousaurus and Pelecanimimus. The subequally sized manual unguals I and II are also seen in many other ornithomimosaurs (Deinocheirus, Shenzhousaurus, Harpymimus, Gallimimus, "G." "mongoliensis" and "Ornithomimus" sedens).
Similarly, some characters used by Longrich (2008) to distinguish edmontonicus and samueli from Struthiomimus are problematic. The comparatively tall distal caudal centra (>60% of width) are plesiomorphic, being present in Gallimimus and Sinornithomimus as well. The poorly developed posterodorsal process on pedal unguals is also found in Gallimimus, Ornithomimus velox, "O" sedens and Archaeornithomimus.
References- Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Makovicky, Kobayashi and Currie, 2004. Ornithomimosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 137-150.
Kobayashi, Makovicky and Currie, 2006. Ornithomimids (Theropoda: Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26(3), 86A.
Longrich, 2008. A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology. 51(4), 983-997.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247
D. brevitertius (Parks, 1926) Russell, 1972
= Struthiomimus brevitertius Parks, 1926 (as brevetertius)
= Ornithomimus brevitertius (Parks, 1926) Russell, 1930
= Ornithomimus edmontonicus Sternberg, 1933
= Struthiomimus currellii Parks, 1933
= Struthiomimus ingens Parks, 1933
= Ornithomimus currellii (Parks, 1933) Russell and Chamney, 1967
= Ornithomimus ingens (Parks, 1933) Russell and Chamney, 1967
= Struthiomimus edmontonicus (Sternberg, 1933) Paul, 2010
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada
Holotype- (ROM 797) two partial dorsal ribs, sacrum (350 mm), first caudal vertebra (56 mm), second caudal vertebra (50 mm), third caudal vertebra (45 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (55 mm), seven distal caudal vertebrae (52 mm), three chevrons (45-95 mm), ilium (~320 mm), pubis (415 mm), ischium (285 mm), femora (390 mm), tibiae (483 mm), fibulae, astragali, calcanea, metatarsals II (255 mm), phalanges II-1 (73 mm), phalanges II-2 (34 mm), pedal unguals II (45 mm), metatarsals III (~288 mm), phalanges III-1 (70 mm), phalanges III-2 (58 mm), phalanges III-3 (40 mm), pedal unguals III (42 mm), metatarsals IV (273 mm), phalanges IV-1 (47 mm), phalanges IV-2 (30 mm), phalanges IV-3 (27 mm), phalanges IV-4 (21 mm), pedal unguals IV (37 mm), metatarsals V (100 mm)
Referred- (AMNH 5201) humeri (283 mm), pubes (372 mm), ischia, femur (387 mm), tibiae (438 mm), fibulae, metatarsal fragments, pedal phalanges (Osborn, 1916)
(CMN 8632; holotype of Ornithomimus edmontonicus) three vertebral fragments, twenty-four partial dorsal ribs, fifteen gastralia rows, proximal scapulae, coracoids, humeri (280 mm), radius (195 mm), ulna (215 mm), metacarpal I (90 mm), phalanx I-1 (107 mm), manual ungual I (~65 mm), metacarpal II (84 mm), phalanx II-1 (32 mm), phalanx II-2 (90 mm), manual ungual II (65 mm), metacarpal III (83 mm), phalanx III-1 (23 mm), phalanx III-2 (26 mm), phalanx III-3 (75 mm), manual ungual III 65 mm), incomplete pubes, distal femur (~443 mm?), tibiae (455 mm), fibulae, astragali, calcaneum, metatarsus (315 mm), metatarsal II (300 mm), phalanx II-1 (83 mm), phalanx II-2 (41 mm), pedal ungual II (26 mm), metatarsal III (~315 mm), phalanx III-1 (76 mm), phalanx III-2 (63 mm), phalanx III-3 (48 mm), metatarsal IV (310 mm), phalanx IV-1 (44 mm), phalanx IV-2 (38 mm), phalanx IV-3 (33 mm), phalanx IV-4 (30 mm) (Sternberg, 1933)
(CMN 12068) (3 year old subadult) cervical vertebra, sacrum, first caudal vertebra, caudal vertebrae ~9-36, ilium, pubes, ischia, femora (416 mm), tibiae (493 mm), fibulae, astragali, calcanea, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, metatarsals III (353 mm), phalanges III-1, phalanges III-2, phalanges III-3, pedal unguals III, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, metatarsals V (Russell, 1972)
(CMN 12069) (2 year old subadult) fifth caudal vertebra (43 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (43 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (43 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (43 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (43 mm), twenty-fourth caudal vertebra (41 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (40 mm), twenty-sixth caudal vertebra (37 mm), twenty-eighth caudal vertebra (31 mm), twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (26 mm), thirtieth caudal vertebra (24 mm), thirty-first caudal vertebra (23 mm), thirty-second caudal vertebra (18 mm), ten chevrons, pubes, incomplete ischia, femur (376 mm), tibiae (511 mm; one fragmentary), fibulae, astragali, calacaneum, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, metatarsals III (308 mm), phalanges III-1, phalanges III-2, phalanges III-3, pedal unguals III, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV (Russell, 1972)
(CMN 12070) (2 year old subadult) first caudal centrum, caudal vertebrae 2-5, five chevrons, distal pubis, distal tibia, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsal II, metatarsal III (350 mm), phalanx III-3, metatarsal IV, metatarsals V (Russell, 1972)
(CMN 12228) (3.66 m, 144 kg) partial skull (~240 mm), partial mandibles, third cervical vertebra (65 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (76 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (75 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (75 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (78 mm), eighth cervical vertebrae (80 mm), ninth cervical vertebrae (~75 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (~61 mm), (dorsal series ~712 mm) fourth dorsal vertebra (58 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (57 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra (58 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (59 mm), (sacrum ~373 mm), second caudal vertebra (55 mm), third caudal vertebra (54 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (57 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (55 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (57 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (57 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (57 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (59 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (63 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (58 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (60 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (57 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (59 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (58 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (59 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (63 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (64 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (62 mm), twenty-first caudal vertebra (60 mm), twenty-second caudal vertebra (57 mm), ilium (478 mm), pubes, ischia, femur (468 mm), tibia (578 mm with astr), fibula, metatarsus (~397 mm), two pedal phalanges (Russell, 1972)
(ROM 851; holotype of Struthiomimus currellii) (3.3 m, 110 kg) skull (234 mm), mandible, axis (~34 mm), third cervical vertebra (45 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (45 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (45 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (64 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (64 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (70 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (71 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (57 mm), first dorsal vertebra (47 mm), second dorsal vertebra (47 mm), third dorsal vertebra (45 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (45 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (43 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra (45 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (47 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (45 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (50 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (56 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (48 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (45 mm), dorsal ribs, (sacrum 393 mm) first sacral vertebra (69 mm), second sacral vertebra (69 mm), third sacral vertebra (61 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (61 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (64 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (69 mm), scapula (260 mm), coracoids (102 mm), humeri (276, 282 mm), radii (194, 160 mm), ulnae (206, 168 mm), carpals, metacarpals I (107.1 mm), phalanges I-1 (116, 108 mm), manual unguals I (64, 64 mm), metacarpals II (104.4, 98 mm), phalanges II-1 (36, 33 mm), phalanges II-2 (90, 83 mm), manual unguals II (67, 64 mm), metacarpals III (100.5 mm), phalanges III-1 (31, 23 mm), phalanges III-2 (23, 20 mm), phalanges III-3 (74, 72 mm), manual unguals III (63, 63 mm), ilium (398 mm), pubes (411 mm), ischia (320 mm), femur (435 mm), tibia (475 mm with astr.), fibula (448 mm), astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsal II (265 mm), phalanx II-1 (78.2 mm), phalanx II-2 (35.2 mm), pedal ungual II (49 mm), metatarsal III (317 mm), phalanx III-1 (74 mm), phalanx III-2 (50 mm), phalanx III-3 (43 mm), pedal ungual III (48 mm), metatarsal IV (295 mm), phalanx IV-1 (39 mm), phalanx IV-2 (29 mm), phalanx IV-3 (17 mm), phalanx IV-4 (17 mm), pedal ungual IV (48 mm), metatarsal V (~100 mm) (Parks, 1933)
(ROM 852; holotype of Struthiomimus ingens) tenth dorsal vertebra (58 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (59 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (64 mm), four dorsal ribs (205-230 mm), gastralia, (sacrum 393 mm) first sacral vertebra (60 mm), second sacral vertebra (70 mm), third sacral vertebra (62 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (84 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (60 mm), first caudal vertebra (69 mm), ilium (435 mm), pubis (400 mm), ischium (~335 mm), femora (432 mm), tibiae (531 mm), fibulae (one proximal), astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsal II (325 mm), phalanx II-1 (80 mm), phalanx II-2 (39 mm), metatarsal III (340 mm), phalanx III-1 (81 mm), phalanx III-2 (60 mm), phalanx III-3 (43 mm), metatarsal IV (340 mm), phalanx IV-1 (47 mm), phalanx IV-2 (29 mm), phalanx IV-3 (19 mm), phalanx IV-4 (17 mm), pedal ungual IV (56 mm), metatarsal V (120 mm) (Parks, 1933)
(TMP 1983.127.0001) caudal vertebra, pelvis, distal tibia, distal fibula, incomplete astragalus (Funston and Currie, 2018)
(TMP 2008.070.0001) (~3.4 m; adult) partial skull, sclerotic plates, eighth cervical vertebra, ninth cervical vertebra, tenth cervical vertebra, cervical ribs, first dorsal vertebra, second dorsal vertebra, third dorsal vertebra, fourth dorsal vertebra, fifth dorsal vertebra, sexth dorsal vertebra, seventh dorsal vertebra, eighth dorsal vertebra, ninth dorsal vertebra, partial dorsal ribs, scapula (252 mm), proximal humerus, two manual unguals, pelvic fragments, tibia, metatarsals, feathers (Zelenitsky et al., 2012)
(TMP 2009.110.0001) (~1.5 m; <1 year old juvenile) skull, mandible, posterior cervical vertebrae, dorsal series, dorsal ribs, proximal chevrons, forelimbs including incomplete humerus, proximal radius, proximal ulna, metacarpal III fragment and two manual unguals, partial pelvis including incomplete ilium, proximal femur (~182 mm), partial tibiotarsi, pes, distal metatarsus, pedal phalanges, feathers (Zelenitsky et al., 2012)
(UA 16182) nasal, jugal, postorbital, posterior dentaries, splenial, surangular, prearticular, partial hyoid, eight cervical vertebrae, nine dorsal vertebrae, ribs, sacrum, eight proximal caudal vertebrae, chevrons, scapula (260 mm), ulna (280 mm), metacarpal I (101.39 mm), phalanx I-1 (105 mm), metacarpal II (95.85 mm), phalanges II-2 (74.6 mm), manual ungual II (67.51 mm straight, 74.44 mm curve), metacarpal III (92.82 mm), phalanx III-3 (62.94 mm), ilium (412.5 mm), pubes (369.7 mm), ischium (314 mm), femur (410 mm), tibiae (468.5 mm), fibulae (441.5 mm), astragali, calcaneum, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1 (77.1 mm), pedal ungual II, metatarsal III (341.5 mm), phalanx III-2 (56.6 mm), phalanx III-3 (44.4 mm), pedal ungual III, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-2 (29.4 mm) (Nicholls and Russell, 1981)
? (Russell, 1967)
Diagnosis- humerus longer than scapula.
Comments- AMNH 5201 was originally questionably referred to Ornithomimus velox by Osborn (1916), though the humeri were illustrated as Struthiomimus in his figure. The brevitertius holotype was discovered in 1924 and described by Parks in 1926 as a species of Struthiomimus due to its preserved fifth metatarsal. Parks spelled his new species brevetertius throughout the article, though Russell (1930) was the first of many authors to spell it brevitertius instead. However, Sternberg (1933) emended it to brevitertius because it is "evidently a typographical error." As there is no proof of this in Parks' original paper, and indeed he continues to use brevetertius in future papers (e.g. Parks, 1933). This would make Sternberg's emendation unjustified (ICZN Article 33.3.3), except that the spelling brevitertius has become prevailing (10 vs. 2 citations on the Paleobiology Database; 16 vs. 5 on Google Scholar and 672 vs. 123 in Google) and is attributed to the original author and date, which makes it a justified emendation (ICZN Article 33.2.3.1). The holotype is unique among ornithomimids (and seemingly abnormal among its species) in lacking the proximal portion of metatarsal III, as in Avimimus and parvicursorines. The holotype of Ornithomimus edmontonicus was discovered in 1916 and described by Sternberg in 1933. Its femur is here estimated as ~443 mm long based on a linear regression of Ornithomimus metatarsofemoral ratios, and is also highly congruent with the linear regression of digitofemoral and tibiofemoral ratios. Sternberg distinguished it from the O. brevitertius holotype due to the longer and narrower pubic boot, slightly different hindlimb proportions (shorter tibiofemoral ratio, longer metatarsus and pes compared to tibia), longer metatarsal II compared to IV (97% vs. 93%), and proximally complete metatarsal III. Intermediates are now known for the hindlimb and metatarsal ratios, while pubic boot shape seems to vary quite a lot within Dromiceiomimus. McFeeters et al. (2017) figure the calcaneum. The holotypes of currellii and ingens were discovered in 1931 and described by Parks in 1933, again as Struthiomimus due to the preserved metatarsal V. The currellii specimen is very complete though also quite crushed, and was only distinguished from brevitertius due to the divergent metatarsal II and slight proportional differences. Watanabe et al. (2015) described its vertebral pneumaticity. The holotype of ingens is far less complete and largely distinguished from currellii by its larger size, comparatively longer sacral five and shorter sacrals one and six, more robust and comparatively longer hindlimb, straighter femur, more laterally twisted metatarsal III, and slightly different hindlimb proportions. Sternberg (1934) first synonymized currellii with edmontonicus. Russell (1972) noted several new specimens and referred most specimens (AMNH 5201, CMN 12068-12070, CMN 12228, ROM 797 and ROM 852) to his new genus Dromiceiomimus, sinking ingens into brevitertius. The supposed differences are discussed above under the Dromiceiomimus comments. McFeeters et al. (2018) figure pedal unguals of CMN 8632, 12068 and 12069. Discovered in 1967, Nicholls and Russell (1981) included UA 16182 as Ornithomimus in their table of proportions, but did not describe it. Britt (1993) examined its sacrum, and it was described in detail by Macdonald and Currie (2019). Zelenitsky et al. (2012) described two new young specimens (TMP 2009.110.0001 and 2008.070.0001) which preserve feather impressions. Funston and Currie (2018) illustrate the distal tibiotarsus of TMP 1983.127.0001, which they refer to Ornithomimus edmontonicus and which derives from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (TMP online catalog).
Makovicky et al. (2004), Kobayashi et al. (2006) and Longrich (2008) have synonymized Dromiceiomimus with Ornithomimus edmontonicus, which seems correct (again, see Dromiceiomimus comments). These authors have all used Ornithomimus edmontonicus for this species, but brevitertius was named seven years earlier, and given the species' somewhat distant relationship to Ornithomimus velox, Dromiceiomimus brevitertius should be the combination which is used.
References- Osborn, 1916. Skeletal adaptation of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 35, 733-771.
Parks, 1926. Struthiomimus brevetertius - a new species of dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 3. 20(4), 65-70.
Russell, 1930. Upper Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of North America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 69(4), 133-159.
Parks, 1933. New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous formations of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series. 34, 1-33.
Sternberg, 1933. A new Ornithomimus with complete abdominal cuirass. The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 47(5), 79-83.
Sternberg, 1934. Notes on certain recently described dinosaurs. The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 48(1), 7-8.
Russell, 1967. Palaeontology of the Swan Hills area, north-central Alberta. Life Science Contribution, Royal Ontario Museum. 71 ,1-31.
Russell and Chamney, 1967. Notes on the biostratigraphy of dinosaurian and microfossil faunas in the Edmonton Formation (Cretaceous), Alberta. National Museum of Canada Natural History Papers, 35, 1-22.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Nicholls and Russell, 1981. A new specimen of Struthiomimus altus from Alberta, with comments on the classificatory characters of Upper Cretaceous ornithomimids. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 18(3), 518-526.
Britt, 1993. Pneumatic postcranial bones in dinosaurs and other archosaurs. PhD thesis. University of Calgary. 383 pp.
Makovicky, Kobayashi and Currie, 2004. Ornithomimosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 137-150.
Kobayashi, Makovicky and Currie, 2006. Ornithomimids (Theropoda: Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26(3), 86A.
Longrich, 2008. A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology. 51(4), 983-997.
Paul, 2010. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. 320 pp.
Zelenitsky, Therrien, Erickson, DeBuhr, Kobayashi, Eberth and Hadfield, 2012. Feathered non-avian dinosaurs from North America provide insight into wing origins. Science. 338(6106), 510-514.
Cullen, Evans, Ryan, Currie and Kobayashi, 2014. Osteohistological variation in growth marks and osteocyte lacunar density in a theropod dinosaur (Coelurosauria: Ornithomimidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14:231, 14 pp.
Cullen, Evans, Ryan, Kobayashi and Currie, 2014. Variation in intra- and inter-individual osteocyte lacunar density in a theropod dinosaur (Coelurosauria: Ornithomimidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2014, 115.
Watanabe, Gold, Brusatte, Benson, Choiniere, Davidson and Norell, 2015. Vertebral pneumaticity in the ornithomimosaur Archaeornithomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) revealed by computed tomography imaging and reappraisal of axial pneumaticity in Ornithomimosauria. PLoS ONE. 10(12), e0145168.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schröder-Adams and Currie, 2017. First North American occurrences of Qiupalong (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) and the palaeobiogeography of derived ornithomimids. FACETS. 2, 355-373.
McFeeters, Ryan and Cullen, 2018. Positional variation in pedal unguals of North American ornithomimids (Dinosauria, Theropoda): A response to Brownstein (2017). Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 6, 60-67.
Funston and Currie, 2018. A small caenagnathid tibia from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Maastrichtian): Implications for growth and lifestyle in oviraptorosaurs. Cretaceous Research. 92, 220-230.
Macdonald and Currie, 2019 (online 2018). Description of a partial Dromiceiomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) skeleton with comments on the validity of the genus. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56(2), 129-157.
D. samueli (Parks, 1928) Russell, 1972
= Struthiomimus samueli Parks, 1928
= Ornithomimus samueli (Parks, 1928) Russell, 1930
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Dinosaur Park Formation of the Belly River Group, Alberta, Canada
Holotype- (ROM 840) skull (258 mm), mandibles, sclerotic rings, two fragmentary anterior cervical vertebrae, fifth cervical vertebra (78 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (83 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (90 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (82 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (75 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (65 mm), five cervical ribs (60-76 mm), seven anterior dorsal vertebrae (53-58 mm), dorsal ribs (first 133 mm), gastralia, scapulae (317 mm), coracoids, humeri (294 mm), radius (~270 mm), ulna (~280 mm), two carpals, proximal metacarpal I, proximal metacarpal II, proximal metacarpal III, two manual unguals (52, 48 mm)
Referred- (AMNH 5394) pedal ungual (Longrich, 2008)
?(CMN coll.) distal caudal vertebra (Lambe, 1902)
(CMN 12441) several dorsal ribs, caudal vertebrae, humerus (317 mm), radii, ulnae (252 mm), several metacarpals, phalanx II-2 (95 mm), manual phalanges, femora (507 mm), tibiae (550 mm), fibulae, astragali (Russell, 1972)
(TMP 1980.028.0001) incomplete skeleton including distal caudal vertebra, tibia (404 mm) and partial metatarsal III (Makovicky, 1995)
(TMP 1981.022.0025) sacrum, ilium (393 mm), pubis (410 mm), ischium (Britt, 1993)
(TMP 1993.062.0001) (subadult) complete skeleton including axis, third-tenth cervical vertebrae, first-twelfth dorsal vertebrae, ribs, sacrum, most caudal vertebrae, chevrons, ilia (~380 mm), pubes, ischia, partial hindlimbs including femur (391 mm) (Makovicky, 1995)
?(TMP 1994.012.1010) tibia (Funston and Currie, 2018)
(TMP 1995.110.0001) (3.6 m; adult) skull (236 mm), mandible, keratinous beak, axis, nine postaxial cervical vertebrae, eight dorsal neural spines, twelve dorsal ribs, fourteen gastralia rows, six sacral vertebrae, first caudal vertebra (60 mm), second caudal vertebra (55.9 mm), third caudal vertebra (53.3 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (53.6 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (52.8 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (55.3 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (51.4 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (51.9 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (53.3 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (59.3 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (49 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (51.4 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (50.5 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (53.2 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (54.1 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (55.9 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (60.2 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (62.5 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (66.4 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (65.6 mm), twenty-first caudal vertebra (64.5 mm), twenty-second caudal vertebra (64.5 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (63.5 mm), twenty-fourth caudal vertebra (70 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra, twenty-sixth caudal vertebra (54.7 mm), twenty-seventh caudal vertebra (51.3 mm), twenty-eighth caudal vertebra (45.7 mm), twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (41.6 mm), thirtieth caudal vertebra (36.7 mm), thirty-first caudal vertebra (31.7 mm), thirty-second caudal vertebra (29.5 mm), chevrons, scapula (260 mm), coracoid, humerus, ulna (~217 mm), radiale, intermedium, pisiform, ulnare, distal carpal I, distal carpal II, distal carpal III, metacarpal I (94.2 mm), metacarpal II (86.7 mm), metacarpal III (81.5 mm), ilium (409 mm), pubis (440 mm), ischium, femur (425 mm), tibiae (465 mm), fibula, astragali, calcaneum, distal tarsals, metatarsal II (300 mm), phalanx II-1 (68 mm), phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II (52 mm), metatarsals III (337 mm), metatarsals IV (311 mm), phalanx IV-1 (40 mm), phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3 (22 mm), phalanx IV-4 (21 mm), pedal ungual IV, metatarsals V, covert feather impressions (Sereno et al., 1996)
(TMP 2005.009.0004) distal caudal vertebra (Longrich, 2008)
(TMP 2005.049.0021) manual ungual (Longrich, 2008)
(TMP 2007.020.0004) humerus (Zelenitsky et al., 2012)
(UALVP 52531) partial third to sixth cervical vertebrae, fragmentary second to twelfth dorsal vertebrae, eight partial dorsal ribs, partial sacral neural spines, fragmentary to partial first to seventeenth caudal vertebrae, three fragmentary chevrons, fragmentary scapula, fragmentary ilium, incomplete femur (480 mm), incomplete tibia (520 mm), incomplete fibula, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, proximal phalanx III-1, incomplete metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, skin and feathers (van der Reest, Wolfe and Currie, 2015; described by van der Reest, Wolfe and Currie, 2016)
Diagnosis- differs from D. brevitertius in - humerus shorter than scapula.
Comments- Lambe (1902) referred several isolated elements to his new species Ornithomimus altus, but the distal caudal vertebra in plate XV figure 1-2 may be Dromiceiomimus instead based on its slender proportions. It would be D. samueli based on stratigraphy. The holotype of samueli was discovered in 1926 and described by Parks (1928) as a new species of Struthiomimus, since it preserved metatarsal V. Parks (1933) noted only minor differences from the currellii holotype, including longer dorsal premaxillary process, a posteroventral premaxillary process, shorter anterodorsal nasal process, shorter posterior nasal process, more robust ventral postorbital process, longer neck compared to skull length (3.06 times skull length vs. 2.26 times), more robust cervical ribs, and larger ulnohumeral ratio. It is not comparable to either the brevitertius or ingens holotypes. Of the differences between samueli and currellii, TMP 1995.110.0001 is like samueli in having a posteroventral premaxillary process (also in Struthiomimus, so perhaps hidden due to crushing in currellii), an anterodorsal nasal process intermediate in length, a neck intermediate in length (~2.7 times), and the rest of the characters are uncertain from available illustrations. CMN 12441 has a short ulnohumeral ratio like that of currellii. Russell (1972) described CMN 12441 as a new specimen of Ornithomimus edmontonicus, and placed samueli in his new genus Dromiceiomimus as D. samueli along with the specimens he assigned to D. brevitertius. Unstated pectoral and forelimb differences supposedly distinguished samueli from edmontonicus, while unstated cranial similarities led Russell to group it with brevitertius (based on CMN 12228). He distinguished it from brevitertius due to the seemingly shorter humerus, though his humeral estimate for brevitertius was made by applying the humerofemoral ratio of AMNH 5021 to the vertebral-hindlimb proportions of CMN 12228. This may be correct in the sense that both the samueli holotype and probably TMP 1995.110.0001 have humeri shorter than their scapulae, while currellii (here referred to brevitertius) has a humerus longer than its scapula. But the seemingly unique forelimb proportions seen in other individuals (long humerofemoral ratio in AMNH 5201; long ulnohumeral ratio in ROM 840) make the currellii holotype's long humerus questionably valid. He also noted the skull is more heavily constructed than CMN 12228, though this may be due to ontogeny instead, as samueli's holotype is larger. He noted "no taxonomically significant morphological differences" between CMN 12441 and his Horseshoe Canyon edmontonicus specimens (CMN 8632 and ROM 851). Makovicky (1995) describes the vertebrae of TMP 1993.062.0001 in depth (as cf. Ornithomimus). TMP 1995.110.0001 is a nearly complete specimen found in 1995 and mentioned several publications (e.g. Xu et al., 1999 supplementary info), but not yet described except for its cranial pneumaticity (Tahara and Larsson, 2011). Norell et al. (2001) illustrate the beak, while Makovicky et al. (2004) illustrates the skull (as Ornithomimus edmontonicus), and Cuff and Rayfield (2015) retrodeformed the skull to study adductor musculature. Kobayashi (2004) illustrates the skull and metacarpus and provides further morphological information on the specimen. Based on the similarity of femoral and metatarsal measurements to those listed in Kobayashi, the TMP Ornithomimus specimen measured by Sereno et al. (1996) is TMP 1995.110.0001. Zelenitsky et al. (2012) have recently interpreted black marks on the radius and ulna which trend posterodistally to distally, and sometimes are U- or hook-shaped as if they had hollow centers, as remains of feather shafts. These may be remains of stage 1 quills instead, as they are too basal to show remains of vanes. van der Reest et al. (2015, 2016) reported a new specimen (UALVP 52531) preserving an anterior femoral skin web and body outline around the leg, as well as feathers only on the proximal femur and dorsal tail, showing the distal hindlimb and ventral tail were bare. The feathers are branched but lack barbules, and distinct retrices although dorsal tail feathers are longer than others. TMP 1981.022.0025 was included in Makovicky (1995) as an undetermined ornithomimid. It may be Dromiceiomimus based on the iliopubic ratio (found in Kobayashi, 2004), which would agree with Makovicky's statement that it is probably congeneric with TMP 1993.062.0001. As it is from the Dinosaur Park Formation, it is here referred to D. samueli. Britt (1993) examined the sacrum as well. Zelenitsky et al. (2012) note humerus TMP 2007.020.0004 has posterodorsal features similar to quill knobs. It is from Dinosaur Provincial Park (TMP online catalog). Funston and Currie (2018) illustrate a tibia (TMP 1994.012.1010) as Ornithomimus sp., and the TMP online catalog indicates it is from the Dinosaur Park Formation. McFeeters et al. (2017) finds it to have a notched lateral margin of the lateral condyle, a supposed autapomorphy of Qiupalong, but states "most diagnostic ornithomimid skeletons from this formation have the state of this character as either unpreserved, ambiguous due to the quality of preservation or restoration, or inaccessible due to articulation with the other elements of the hind limb" so that the character's diagnostic value is uncertain.
Makovicky et al. (2004), Kobayashi et al. (2006) and Longrich (2008) have synonymized Dromiceiomimus with edmontonicus, which seems correct (see Dromiceiomimus comments). While Makovicky et al. and Kobayashi et al. sunk samueli into edmontonicus (= brevitertius), Longrich questionably referred the samueli holotype to "Ornithomimus sp.", an apparently valid though undiagnosed species of Ornithomimus from the Dinosaur Park Formation. He also referred TMP 1995.110.0001 and several isolated remains to this species. This is tentatively accepted here, though the material will need to be studied to determine if it should be synonymized with D. brevitertius. It should be noted too that the Dinosaur Park Dromiceiomimus species must be called D. samueli, and not D. sp., as you cannot simply drop a species name.
References- Lambe, 1902. New genera and species from the Belly River Series (mid-Cretaceous). Geological Survey of Canada Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. 3(2), 25-81.
Parks, 1928. Struthiomimus samueli, a new species of Ornithomimidae from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies, Geology Series. 26, 1-24.
Russell, 1930. Upper Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of North America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 69(4), 133-159.
Parks, 1933. New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous formations of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series. 34, 1-33.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Britt, 1993. Pneumatic postcranial bones in dinosaurs and other archosaurs. PhD thesis. University of Calgary. 383 pp.
Makovicky, 1995. Phylogenetic aspects of the vertebral morphology of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Masters thesis. University of Copenhagen. 311 pp.
Sereno, Dutheil, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varricchio and Wilson, 1996. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science. 272(5264), 986-991.
Carrano, 1998. The evolution of dinosaur locomotion: Functional morphology, biomechanics, and modern analogs. PhD thesis, The University of Chicago. 424 pp.
Xu, Wang and Wu, 1999. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature. 401, 262-266.
Norell, Makovicky and Currie, 2001. The beaks of ostrich dinosaurs. Nature. 412, 873-874.
Kobayashi, 2004. Asian ornithomimosaurs. PhD thesis. Southern Methodist University. 340 pp.
Makovicky, Kobayashi and Currie, 2004. Ornithomimosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 137-150.
Kobayashi, Makovicky and Currie, 2006. Ornithomimids (Theropoda: Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26(3), 86A.
Longrich, 2008. A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology. 51(4), 983-997.
Tahara and Larsson, 2008. Reconstructing the cranial pneumaticity of Ornithomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28(3), 150A.
Tahara, 2009. Cranial pneumaticity of Ornithomimus edmontonicus (Ornithomimidae: Theropoda). Masters thesis. McGill University. 88 pp.
Tahara and Larsson, 2011. Cranial pneumatic anatomy of Ornithomimus edmontonicus (Ornithomimidae: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31(1), 127-143.
Zelenitsky, Therrien, Erickson, DeBuhr, Kobayashi, Eberth and Hadfield, 2012. Feathered non-avian dinosaurs from North America provide insight into wing origins. Science. 338(6106), 510-514.
Cuff and Rayfield, 2015. Retrodeformation and muscular reconstruction of ornithomimosaurian dinosaur crania. PeerJ. 3, e1093.
van der Reest, Wolfe and Currie, 2015. A new specimen of ornithomimid (Theropoda) from Dinosaur Provincial Park provides unprecedented details of dinosaur plumage and feather evolution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 228-229.
van der Reest, Wolfe and Currie, 2016 (online 2015). A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada. Cretaceous Research. 58, 108-117.
Lingham-Soliar, 2016. A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada: A comment. Cretaceous Research. 62, 86-89.
McFeeters, Ryan, Schröder-Adams and Currie, 2017. First North American occurrences of Qiupalong (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) and the palaeobiogeography of derived ornithomimids. FACETS. 2, 355-373.
Funston and Currie, 2018. A small caenagnathid tibia from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Maastrichtian): Implications for growth and lifestyle in oviraptorosaurs. Cretaceous Research. 92, 220-230.
D. sp. (Ryan and Russell, 2001)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Scollard Formation, Alberta, Canada
Material- (TMP 1993.104.0001) partial skeleton including gastralia, metacarpal I, phalanx I-1, manual ungual I, metacarpal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, manual ungual II, metacarpal III, partial phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, manual ungual III
Comments- Ryan and Russell (2001) list TMP 1993.104.0001 as Ornithomimidae indet. Rauhut (2003) illustrated the manus and tentatively referred it to Ornithomimus edmontonicus. It is definitely Dromiceiomimus based on its proportions, and may be a new species based on stratigraphy.
References- Ryan and Russell, 2001. The dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves). In Tanke and Carpenter (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. 279-297.
Rauhut, 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology. 69, 1-213.
D? sp. (Aguillon Martinez, 2010)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Mexico
Material- (SEPCP 47/771) tibia
(SEPCP 47/772) tibia
(SEPCP 47/773 and SEPCP 47/774) proximal femur, two pedal phalanges
(SEPCP 47/775) manual ungual
(SEPCP 47/776) pedal ungual
Reference- Aguillon Martinez, 2010. Fossil vertebrates from the Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Coahuila, Mexico, and the distribution of Late Campanian (Cretaceous) terrestrial vertebrate faunas. Masters thesis. Dedman College Southern Methodist University. 135 pp.

Alvarezsauroidea Bonaparte, 1991 sensu Livezey and Zusi, 2007
Definition- (Alvarezsaurus calvoi <- Ornithomimus velox, Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, Passer domesticus) (Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019)
Other definitions- (Alvarezsaurus calvoi <- Passer domesticus) (Choiniere, Xu, Clark, Forster, Guo and Han, 2010)
= Alvarezsauridae sensu Sereno, online 2005
Definition- (Shuvuuia deserti <- Tyrannosaurus rex, Ornithomimus edmontonicus, Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, Oviraptor philoceratops, Troodon formosus, Passer domesticus)
Comments- Bonaparte (1991) used the monotypic order Alvarezsauria for his new genus Alvarezsaurus, but this has been ignored by most subsequent authors. Livezey and Zusi (2007) proposed Alvarezsauroidea for Alvarezsaurus, Patagonykus and Mononykus, but their classification is filled with many such redundant ranks. The first authors to define Alvarezsauroidea were Hu et al. (2009) who used a stem-based definition excluding both birds and ornithomimosaurs, but not therizinosaurs. Choiniere et al. (2010) later made another definition for the superfamily, this time only excluding birds, so is troublesome if alvarezsaurs are arctometatarsalians or sister to therizinosaurs. Agnolin et al. (2012) tried to reinstate Alvarezsauria using Choiniere et al.'s definition for Alvarezsauroidea. While Alvarezsauria may be preferrable in that it has the same suffix as most other large maniraptoriform clades and was named over a decade earlier, Hu et al.'s definition is both earlier and safer. Hartman et al. (2019) recovered therizinosaurs as the sister taxon to alvarezsaurs, as found in several other recent analyses, so added Therizinosaurus as an external specifier and changed Ornithomimus' specifier to its type species.
References- Bonaparte, 1991. Los vertebrados fósiles de la Formación Rio Colorado, de la Ciudad de Neuquén y Cercanías, Cretácico Superior, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" e Instituto Nacional de Investigación de las Ciencias Naturales: Paleontología. 4(3), 15-123.
Longrich, 2000. Myrmecophagous Maniraptora? Alvarezsaurs as aardraptors. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20(3), 54A.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 2002. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvarezsauridae, Mononykus and its kin. In Chiappe and Witmer (eds.). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press. 87-120.
Novas and Pol, 2002. Alvarezsaurid relationships reconsidered. In Chiappe and Witmer (eds.). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press. 121-125.
Sereno, online 2005. Stem Archosauria - TaxonSearch. http://www.taxonsearch.org/dev/file_home.php [version 1.0, 2005 November 7]
Livezey and Zusi, 2007. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 149(1), 1-95.
Hu, Hou, Zhang and Xu, 2009. A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus. Nature. 461, 640-643.
Choiniere, Xu, Clark, Forster, Guo and Han, 2010. A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Science. 327, 571-574.
Choiniere, Norell and Dyke, 2011. The anatomy of the parvicursorine braincase and its implications for alvarezsauroid systematics and evolution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2011, 88.
Dyke and Naish, 2011. What about European alvarezsauroids? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108(22), E147.
Xu, Sullivan, Pittman, Choiniere, Hone, Upchurch, Tan, Xiao, Tan and Han, 2011. Reply to Dyke and Naish: European alvarezsauroids do not change the picture. 108(22), E148.
Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012 (online 2011). New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. 35, 33-56.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247
Qin, Zhao, Choiniere, Clark, Benton and Xu, 2021a. Growth and miniaturization among alvarezsauroid dinosaurs. Current Biology. 31, 1-7.
Qin, Zhao, Choiniere, Clark, Benton and Xu, 2021b. Correction Growth and miniaturization among alvarezsauroid dinosaurs. Current Biology. 31, 3705-3706.

Khulsanurus Averianov and Lopatin, 2021
K. magnificus Averianov and Lopatin, 2021
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Khulsan, Baruungoyot Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (PIN 4487/27) incomplete fourth cervical vertebra, fifth cervical vertebra, sixth cervical vertebra, seventh cervical vertebra, few partial dorsal ribs, proximal caudal vertebral fragment, two incomplete proximal caudal vertebrae, incomplete scapulae, incomplete coracoids, partial humeri, fragments
Diagnosis- (after Averianov and Lopatin, 2021) slightly convex posterior articular surface on proximal caudal centrum (symplesiomorphic?); prominent anterior and posterior bumps at the neurocentral junction in proximal caudals (posterior bump also in Patagonykus); proximal caudal transverse processes dorsoventrally thick and subtriangular in cross-section (also in Achillesaurus); prominent proximal caudal infrapostzygapophyseal fossa; short and mostly anteriorly directed proximal caudal prezygapophyses; proximal caudal neural arch lacks zygapophyseal ridges; proximal caudals with prominent dorsal depression around anterior end of neural spine.
Other diagnoses- Averianov and Loptain (2021) also included additional proposed diagnostic characters. Cervical pleurocoels are also absent in Ceratonykus, Mononykus and Qiupanykus. Carotid processes aren't demonstrated to be present in the sixth or more anterior cervicals of other alvarezsauroids, and the anteroventral surface of cervical seven in Khulsanurus is too eroded to evaluate. Contrary to their text, an epipophysis appears to be present on the only preserved postzygapophysis of cervical four (figure 3b).
Comments- Discovered in 1987, this was described as a new taxon by Averianov and Lopatin (2021). An element was described as a distal pubis, but is too small to be this bone, and differs from theropod pubes in the posteromedial flange and anteroposteriorly deep apron. Considering its size and shape, this is more likely to be a proximal dorsal rib. Averianov and Lopatin add the taxon to Choiniere's coelurosaur matrix and recover it as an alvarezsauroid closer to parvicursorines than Albertonykus. When added to Hartman et al.'s maniraptoromorph analysis, it emerges as an alvarezsauroid basal to Alvarezsauridae.
Reference- Averianov and Lopatin, 2021 online. The second taxon of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan locality in Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Historical Biology. Latest Articles. DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2000976

Xiyunykus Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018
X. pengi Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018
Barremian-Aptian?, Early Cretaceous
Upper Tugulu Group, Xinjiang, China
Holotype- (IVPP V22783) (15 kg, 9 year old subadult) frontal, braincase, posterior mandible, atlantal neural arch, axis, ~fourth cervical vertrbra (28 mm), ~sixth cervical vertebra, ~seventh cervical neural arch, ~eighth cervical centrum (33 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (22 mm), few cervical ribs, dorsal vertebrae 1-5 (first- 23 mm, 'anterior-middle'- 24 mm), three mid dorsal centra (28 mm), three partial to complete posterior dorsal vertebrae (27 mm), several dorsal ribs, gastralia, posterior synsacrum, six proximal caudal vertebrae (29 mm), six mid caudal vertebrae (30, 31 mm), ten distal caudal vertebrae (25 mm), scapula (~145 mm), coracoid (~56 mm), humerus (87 mm), ?radius (~59 mm), proximal ulna, femur (~208 mm), partial tibiae (241 mm), fibula, phalanx I-1, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, pedal ungual II, metatarsal III (~134 mm), phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, metatarsal IV
Diagnosis- (after Xu et al., 2018) large basal tubera formed exclusively by basioccipital; basisphenoid recess with basioccipital contribution and containing multiple deep fossae; cultriform process with poorly ossified dorsal margin that parallels ventral margin in lateral view; two horizontally arranged pneumatic fossae on lateral central surface of each anterior and middle cervical vertebra; distinct tubercle along ventrolateral edge of each anterior cervical centrum; groove present medial to each posterior cervical epipophysis; posterior surface of each presacral neural arch bearing multiple deep fossae above neural canal; deep, curved groove on scapular lateral surface immediately anterior to glenoid fossa; long, deep groove along posterior edge of proximal half of scapular blade; sharp and short groove on lateral surface of femoral distal end; proximal end of tibia with deep groove on posterior condyle.
Comments- The materials list is based on the somewhat schematic skeletal reconstruction so may be inaccurate, for instance the radius isn't filled in but is given a measurement in Table S1.
Xu et al. (2018) used Choiniere's theropod analysis to recover Xiyunykus sister to Tugulusaurus as a basal alvarezsauroid between Haplocheirus and Bannykus. Hartman et al. (2019) foundf it to be a patagonykine sister to Patagonykus instead, but it can be placed outside the patagonykine plus parvicursorine clade with only two steps. That is provisionally preferred here as Xu et al. use some alvarezsauroid-specific characters not in the Hartman et al. matrix.
References- Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018. Two Early Cretaceous fossils document transitional stages in alvarezsaurian dinosaur evolution. Current Biology. 28, 1-8.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Bannykus Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018
B. wulatensis Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018
Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Bayan Gobi Formation, Inner Mongolia, China
Holotype- (IVPP V25026) (24 kg, 8 year old subadult) frontal, basioccipital, dentary fragment, incomplete surangular, seven cervical vertebrae, few cervical ribs, nine partial to complete dorsal vertebrae, several partial to complete dorsal ribs, ten proximal to mid caudal vertebrae, two mid caudal centra, four distal caudal vertebrae, scapula, incomplete coracoid, incomplete humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpal I, phalanx I-1, incomplete manual ungual I, metacarpal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, proximal manual ungual II, phalanx III-3, manual ungual III, incomplete ilium, partial pubis, ischial fragment, femora, tibiae, fibula, metatarsal I, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II, proximal metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, metatarsal IV, metatarsal V
Diagnosis- (after Xu et al., 2018) notch between basal tubera nearly absent; surangular foramen large; posterior dorsal vertebrae with distal ends of transverse processes strongly expanded posteriorly; humeral internal tuberosity deflected posteriorly; well-developed facet on lateral surface of metacarpal I for articulation with metacarpal II; metacarpal II curved medially; prominent ventral heel at proximal end of manual phalanx II-1; manual phalanx II-2 with proximoventrally located tubercles on medial and lateral surfaces and two sulci bounded by three parallel condyles on distal end; manual ungual II without median vertical ridge on proximal articular surface; posterolateral margin of fibular condyle of tibia bears pyramidal lateral projection; deep groove along posterior margin of proximal half of fibular crest.
Comments- The materials list is based on the somewhat schematic skeletal reconstruction so may be inaccurate. Paul (2024) uses the informal term bannykids for Bannykus and Tugulusaurus, based on the character "Pectoral crest of humeri not greatly enlarged", which is unpreserved in Tugulusaurus and plesiomorphic. As the term 'Bannykinae' has never been published, it remains informal and has no supported analyses.
Xu et al. (2018) used Choiniere's theropod analysis to recover Bannykus as a basal alvarezsauroid between Xiyunykus and Bonapartenykus Hartman et al. (2019) found it to be a patagonykine sister to Bonapartenykus instead, but it can be placed outside the patagonykine plus parvicursorine clade with only two steps. That is provisionally preferred here as Xu et al. use some alvarezsauroid-specific characters not in the Hartman et al. matrix.
References- Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018. Two Early Cretaceous fossils document transitional stages in alvarezsaurian dinosaur evolution. Current Biology. 28, 1-8.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247
Paul, 2024. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 3rd edition. Princeton University Press. 384 pp.

unnamed clade (Patagonykus puertai + Mononykus olecranus)
Comments- This group corresponds to the standard Alvarezsauridae, but is more inclusive after the analyses of Xu et al. (2018) and Hartman et al. (2019) where patagonykines fall outside the Alvarezsaurus plus Mononykus clade. All Late Cretaceous alvarezsauroid specimens are provisionally placed here as all analyzed taxa from that time belong to it.
Interrelationships- The traditional topology was established by Chiappe et al. (1996) and Novas (1996), where Alvarezsaurus is sister to Patagonykus plus parvicursorines. This is also true in the detailed alvarezsauroid analysis of Longrich and Currie (2009) and its derivatives, as well as the theropod analysis of Choiniere et al. (2010).
Alifanov and Barsbold's (2009) placed Patagonykus closer to Alvarezsaurus than to parvicursorines, in the family Alvarezsauridae (with parvicursorines being Parvicursoridae). Their reasons are flawed, as Patagonykus has a supracetabular crest (which is primitive in any case), a large pubic peduncle is primitive, the pubic foot and smaller manual ungual I than phalanx I-1 are primitive and unknown in Alvarezsaurus, while the large proximolateral process on manual phalanx I-1 is an apomorphy of Patagonykus unknown in Alvarezsaurus. Note Choiniere et al. (2010) incorrectly shows this as their result in Figure 3A, but actually recovered Patagonykus closer to parvicursorines (Fig. S1b).
Agnolin et al. (2012) added several alvarezsauroids to Choiniere's analysis and recovered Alvarezsaurus closer to parvicursorines than to their newly established patagonykines. This is also true in Xu et al.'s (2018) more recent version of that matrix with their new Early Cretaceous alvarezsauroids added, and in Hartman et al.'s (2019) revision of the TwiG matrix including all taxa.
Hartman et al.'s matrix can recover a basal Alvarezsaurus in 3 steps and a basal Parvicursorinae in 4 steps, while Xu et al.'s recover these in 5 and 7 steps respectively, and the most recent version of Longrich and Currie's (Lu et al., 2018) recovers a basal Patagonykus and a basal Parvicursorinae in 3 steps each. Thus none of the options are strongly supported, but I use Hartman et al.'s topology here.
References- Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 1996. Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 39, 557-582.
Novas, 1996. Alvarezsauridae, Cretaceous basal birds from Patagonia and Mongolia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 39, 675-702.
Alifanov and Barsbold, 2009. Ceratonykus oculatus gen. et sp. nov., a new dinosaur (?Theropoda, Alvarezsauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 43(1), 94-106.
Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252.
Choiniere, Xu, Clark, Forster, Guo and Han, 2010. A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the Early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Science. 327, 571-574.
Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012 (online 2011). New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. 35, 33-56.
Lu, Xu, Chang, Jia, Zhang, Gao, Zhang, Zhang and Ding, 2018. A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation of Luanchuan, Henan Province, central China. China Geology. 1, 28-35.
Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018. Two Early Cretaceous fossils document transitional stages in alvarezsaurian dinosaur evolution. Current Biology. 28, 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.057
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

unnamed alvarezsauroid (Huene, 1929)
Early Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Anacleto Formation of the Rio Colorado Subgroup, Río Negro, Argentina
Material- (CS 1151, 1153, 1448) distal caudal vertebrae (100, 70, 70 mm)
Reference- Huene, 1929. Los saurisquios y ornitisquios del Cretáceo Argentino. Anales del Museo de La Plata (series 3). 3, 1-196.

Patagonykinae Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012
= "Patagonykinae" Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, online 2011
Diagnosis- (after Agnolin et al., 2012) longitudinal ridge on lateral surface of coracoid; strongly sculptured distal half of coracoid.
Comments- Agnolin et al.'s paper first appeared as an accepted manuscript on December 16 2011, but was not officially published until June 2012. According ICZN Article 8.5.1, "to be considered published, a work issued and distributed electronically must ... have been issued after 2011" and thus Patagonykinae was not valid until the physical publication. While Agnolin et al. (2012) state they created Patagonykinae to include both Patagonykus and Bonapartenykus, they did not give it a phylogenetic definition to indicate whether it is node-based or stem-based or what reference taxa are excluded if the latter is true.
Reference- Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012 (online 2011). New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. 35, 33-56.

Patagonykus Novas, 1996
= "Patagonykus" Novas, 1994
P. puertai Novas, 1996
= "Patagonykus puertai" Novas, 1994
Late Turonian-Coniacian, Late Cretaceous
Sierra del Portezuelo, Portezuelo Formation of the Rio Neuquen Subgroup, Neuquen, Argentina
Holotype- (MCF-PVPH-37) (4.27 kg) ?nasal fragment, prefrontal, frontals, postorbital fragment, squamosal fragment, dentary fragment, incomplete seventh? dorsal vertebra (27 mm), partial thirteenth? dorsal vertebra, fourteenth? dorsal prezygopophysis, partial sacrum (third- 29 mm, fourth- 29mm, fifth- 37mm), incomplete first? caudal vertebra (40 mm), second? caudal prezygapophysis, partial fourth? caudal vertebra, fifth? caudal prezygapophysis, partial fifteenth? caudal vertebra, partial twentieth? caudal vertebra, partial coracoids, proximal humerus (~105 mm), distal humerus, proximal radius (~50 mm), proximal ulna (~98 mm), distal ulna, carpometacarpus (27 mm), phalanx I-1 (77 mm), partial manual ungual I, partial metacarpal II, ilial fragments, incomplete pubis (~252 mm), proximal ischia, incomplete femora (~285 mm), partial tibiae (~340 mm), proximal fibulae, incomplete astragalocalcaneum (40 mm wide) (astragalus 30 mm wide, calcaneum 11 mm wide), distal tarsal III, phalanx I-1 (38 mm), proximal metatarsal II, proximal metatarsal III, phalanx IV-2 (25 mm), phalanx IV-3 (20 mm), ungual phalanx IV
Referred- ....(MCF-PVPH-38) incomplete fifth? cervical vertebra (22 mm), postzygopophysis (Novas, 1997)
Cenomanian-Early Campanian, Late Cretaceous
north shore of Los Barriales Lake ~80km N of Plaza Huincul, Neuquen Group, Neuquen, Argentina
(MCF-PVPH-102) manual phalanx I-1, proximal manual ungual I (Chiappe and Coria, 2003)
Diagnosis- (after Novas, 1997) postzygopophyses in dorsal vertebrae with ventrally curved, tongue-shaped lateral margin; postcervical vertebrae with bulge on caudal base of neural arch; humeral articular facet of coracoid transversly narrow; internal tuberosity of humerus subcylindrical, wider at extremity than at base; humeral entepicondyle conical and strongly projecting medially; manual phalanx I-1 with proximomedial hook-like processes; entocondylar tuber of femur rectangular in distal view.
Comments- The type material was discovered in 1990 and 1991. Novas and Coria (1989; note the abstract volume is for a meeting on May 22-24 1990, so the Ameginiana volume date is presumably incorrect) first noted the holotype "which would have reached 2 m in length, shows numerous autopomorphies, including a humerus with a developed entepicondyle and a hemispherical ulnar condyle; posterior dorsals, sacrals and caudals with strongly convex posterior face of the centrum; vertebral centrum of distal caudals transversely compressed." They believed it "shares several synapomorphies with the Tetanurae, in particular the Maniraptora." Novas (1994) first proposed Patagonykus puertai as a new taxon in an abstract, but this is invalid because it is not "issued for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record" (ICZN Article 8.1.1, as defined in Recommendation 8G), and is not "accompanied by a description or definition that states in words characters that are purported to differentiate the taxon" (13.1.1). Although Novas (1997) originally argued PVPH 38 was too small to belong to the holotype, Longrich and Currie (2009) noted the neural canal is similar in size and suggested it belongs to the same individual. Meso et al. (2018) identified cranial remains in the holotype material and briefly described them.
The referred specimen MCF-PVPH 102 "was not collected by professionals, [so] no precise stratigraphic information is available; nonetheless, only the Late Cretaceous Neuquen Group outcrops in this area" (Chiappe and Coria, 2003).
References- Novas and Coria, 1989. Nuevos dinosaurios teropodos del Cretacico Superior de Patagonia. VII Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados. Ameghiniana. 26(3-4), 247.
Novas, 1994. Patagonykus puertai n. gen. et sp., and the phylogenetic relationships of the Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Maniraptora). Gondwana Dinosaurs: Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography. [pp]
Novas, 1996. Alvarezsauridae, Cretaceous basal birds from Patagonia and Mongolia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 39, 675-702.
Novas, 1997. Anatomy of Patagonykus puertai (Theropoda, Avialae, Alvarezsauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17(1), 137-166.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 2002. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvarezsauridae, Mononykus and its kin. In Chiappe and Witmer (eds.). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press. 87-120.
Chiappe and Coria, 2003. A new specimen of Patagonykus puertai (Theropoda: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Ameghiniana. 40(1), 119-122.
Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252.
Meso, Baiano, Canale, Coria and Salgado, 2018. New information on the skull of Patagonykus puertai (Theropoda, Alvarezsauridae). XXXII Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados. R25.

Bonapartenykus Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012
= "Bonapartenykus" Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, online 2011
B. ultimus Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012
= "Bonapartenykus ultimus" Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, online 2011
Campanian-Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Salitral Ojo de Agua, Allen Formation of the Malargue Group, Río Negro, Argentina
Holotype- (MPCA 1290) (~2.5 m) incomplete mid dorsal vertebra, partial scapulocoracoids, partial ilium, incomplete pubis, incomplete femur, incomplete tibia, two partial eggs (70 mm), eggshells
Diagnosis- (after Agnolin et al., 2012) mid-dorsal spinopostzygapophyseal laminae ending abruptly above postzygapophyses (unknown in MPCN-PV 738); fused scapulocoracoid (also in Linhenykus and Ceratonykus; unknown in MPCN-PV 738?); ilium and pubis fused (unknown in MPCN-PV 738).
Other diagnoses- Agnolin et al. (2012) also listed distal coracoid strongly medially deflected and decorated with delicate but profuse grooves, which is present in the coeval sister taxon MPCN-PV 738 (and Xixianykus), and scapula with very wide notch on posterior margin that is also present in MPCN-PV 738.
Comments- Agnolin et al.'s paper first appeared as an accepted manuscript on December 16 2011, but was not officially published until June 2012. According ICZN Article 8.5.1, "to be considered published, a work issued and distributed electronically must ... have been issued after 2011" and thus Bonapartenykus ultimus was not valid until the physical publication. The ootaxon Arraigadoolithus patagoniensis, named in the same paper, belongs to it. Agnolin et al. referred three fragmentary specimens from the same locality to B. ultimus (MEPyG-177 - femur; MGPIFD-GR 166 - cervical neural arches, rib fragments, caudal vertebra, pubic fragment; MGPIFD-GR 184 - scapular fragment, coracoid), but these were separated as a distinct taxon of patagonykine by Meso et al. (2018) under the new number MPCN-PV 738.
References- Agnolin, Novas and Powell, 2006. New alvarezsaurid theropod from the Latest Cretaceous of Río Negro province, Patagonia, Argentina. XXII Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados. 1.
Salgado, Coria, Arcucci and Chiappe, 2009. Restos de Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) en la Formación Allen (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano), en Salitral Ojo de Agua, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Andean Geology. 36(1), 67-80.
Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012 (online 2011). New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. 35, 33-56.
Meso, Baiano, Canale, Salgado, Choiniere and Brusatte, 2018. Phylogenetic relationships of a new alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from the Allen Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Rio Regro Province, Argentina: Implications for the Argentinian taxa. Reunión de Comunicaciones de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 2018. R11.

unnamed patagonykine (Coria, Cambiaso and Salgado, 2007)
Campanian-Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Salitral Ojo de Agua, Allen Formation of the Malargue Group, Río Negro, Argentina
Material- (MPCN-PV 738; = MEPyG-177, = MGPIFD-GR 166-194) five incomplete posterior cervical neural arches, cervical postzygapophysis, posterior cervical or anterior dorsal postzygapophysis, rib fragments, partial fused second and third sacral centra, fifth or sixth caudal vertebra, two proximal caudal centra, mid caudal centrum, distal caudal central fragment, caudal central fragment, two chevrons, central fragments, two neural arches (one partial), prezygapophysis, scapular fragment, incomplete coracoid, ?two pubic fragments, incomplete femur, phalanx II-1, phalanx III-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, three proximal pedal phalanges, three pedal unguals (one incomplete), additional material
Diagnosis- (after Meso et al., 2018a; reworded to reflect a horizontal scapular orientation) distal portion of coracoid strongly medially deflected (<120 degrees); dorsal section of lateral ridge on coracoid robust and wide; grooves and striae only developed on the distal surface of coracoid, and proximally limited by lateral ridge; coracoid foramen ovoid, with its major axis anterodorsally-posteroventrally oriented.
Comments- Meso et al. (2018a) announced "MPCN-PV 738 (previously catalogd as MGPIFD-GR 166/194 and MEPyG-177 by Salgado et al. and Coria et al. in previous works, respectively" as a sister taxon of Bonapartenykus using Brusatte's version of the TWiG analysis. Coria et al. (2007) first described the femur MEPyG-177 as Iguanodontia indet., supposedly similar to Loncosaurus but outside Euiguanodontia in their manually created cladogram. Agnolin et al. (2012) reported it "differs from ornithopods in lacking a pendant fourth trochanter and a basitrochanteric fossa," but "is reminiscent of the femur of Patagonykus in having a relatively well-developed and ridge-like fourth trochanter and associated muscle scar" and "further resembles Bonapatenykusin having a very large and rugous proximal bulge for the m. iliofemoralis externus." MGPIFD-GR 166 was one of numerous fragmentary specimens described by Salgado et al. (2009) as Alvarezsauridae gen. et sp. indet., consisting of "cuatro arcos neurales cervicales posteriores incompletos, una vértebra caudal prácticamente completa (sólo le falta el proceso transverso izquierdo), sector proximal de pubis derecho, fragmentos de costillas e indeterminados." MGPIFD-GR 194 is not included in Salgado et al.'s materials list, but page 75 and figure 6 say it's a left pubis fragment, and then later on page 75 it's listed as a pedal ungual. It's unclear if this the same pubis fragment listed as part of MGPIFD-GR 166, or if are there left and right fragments, and if MGPIFD-GR 194 is a pubic fragment, a pedal ungual, or both. A possibility followed here is that MGPIFD-GR 194 is a typo in Meso et al.'s abstract when they actually meant the scapula MGPIFD-GR 184, which Agnolin et al. said appeared to belong to the same individual as MGPIFD-GR 166 and was "referred to Bonapartenykus ultimus on the basis of a very wide and deep notch on the caudal margin of the scapular blade, and the coracoid in which the ventral portion is strongly deflected medially and decorated with delicate but profuse grooves." Notably, Agnolin et al. list an incomplete coracoid as being in 184 (or 166?) when one was never mentioned by Salgado et al.. Agnolin et al. also suggested the pubic fragment "may belong to the distal end of the bone. In fact, as occurs in the distal pubis of the holotype of Bonapartenykus, in MGPIFD-GR 166 the preserved portion of the pubis shows a well-developed internal ridge that represents the reduced pubic apron characteristic of the new genus." Ultimately, exactly which specimen Meso et al. meant with MGPIFD-GR 194 is not so important as Meso (pers. comm., 3-2-2022) indicates "all the materials described by Saledo et al. (2009) are now parts of MPCN-PV 738" and that additional undescribed elements exist as well. This will be detailed in his PhD thesis later in 2022.
References- Coria, Cambiaso and Salgado, 2007. New records of basal ornithopod dinosaurs in the Cretaceous of north Patagonia. Ameghiniana. 44(2), 473-477.
Salgado, Coria, Arcucci and Chiappe, 2009. Restos de Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) en la Formación Allen (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano), en Salitral Ojo de Agua, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Andean Geology. 36(1), 67-80.
Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012 (online 2011). New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. 35, 33-56.
Meso, Baiano, Canale, Salgado, Choiniere and Brusatte, 2018a. Phylogenetic relationships of a new alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from the Allen Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Rio Regro Province, Argentina: Implications for the Argentinian taxa. Reunión de Comunicaciones de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 2018. R11.
Meso, Baiano, Canale, Salgado, Pereyra, Choiniere and Brusatte, 2018b. Modification and reduction of the forelimbs of the alvarezsaurids (Theropoda, Coelurosauria). Reunión de Comunicaciones de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 2018. R11.
Meso, Qin, Pittman, Canale, Salgado and Diez Diaz, 2021. Tail anatomy of the Alvarezsauria (Theropoda, Coelurosauria), and its functional and behavioural implications. Cretaceous Research. 124, 104830.

Parvicursorinae sensu Xu et al., 2013
Definition- (Parvicursor remotus <- Patagonykus puertai)
Reference- Xu, Upchurch, Ma, Pittman, Choiniere, Sullivan, Hone, Tan, Tan, Xiao and Han, 2013 (online 2011). Osteology of the Late Cretaceous alvarezsauroid Linhenykus monodactylus from China and comments on alvarezsauroid biogeography. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58(1), 25-46.

Alvarezsauridae Bonaparte, 1991
Definition- (Alvarezsaurus calvoi + Mononykus olecranus) (Hendrickx, Hartman and Mateus, 2015; modified from Choiniere, Xu, Clark, Forster, Guo and Han, 2010)
Other definitions- (Shuvuuia deserti <- Ornithomimus velox) (modified from Sereno, 1999)
(Shuvuuia deserti <- Tyrannosaurus rex, Ornithomimus edmontonicus, Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, Oviraptor philoceratops, Troodon formosus, Passer domesticus) (Sereno, online 2005)
= Parvicursoridae Karhu and Rautian, 1996a
Alvarezsauridae defined- Sereno (online, 2005) revised his earlier (1999) definition for Alvarezsauridae by adding non-ornithomimosaur external specifiers, a very good choice considering alvarezsaurids may be basal maniraptorans, sister to therizinosaurians, paravians or avialans. It appears to cover all the published topologies, though the inclusion of Tyrannosaurus seems superfluous, as it's never been placed more closely to alvarezsaurids than at least one of the other external specifiers. Once again though, Sereno didn't use an eponymous taxon - Alvarezsaurus calvoi in this case. His rationale is that Shuvuuia is more completely known and "clearly related", but if the relationship is so clear, why not just use Alvarezsaurus? He stated "Well-known (and/or more complete), nested specifiers are critical because they are least likely to shift significantly in phylogenetic position", but if Alvarezsaurus shifts outside Sereno's defined Alvarezsauridae (such as in Lu et al., 2002), we'd have to redefine the family anyway. Choiniere et al. (2010) were the first authors to define it using Alvarezsaurus as an internal specifier, but used a node-based definition that excludes some basal taxa. In some recent analyses, this definition excludes patagonykines as well.
Ornithischian alvarezsaurids? Alifanov and Barsbold (2009) question the placement of alvarezsaurids within Theropoda, but their reasoning is not cladistic, based largely on autapomorphies (dorsal jugal process absent; dorsal quadratojugal process absent; postorbital contacts quadrate; ventral flexure of endocranium absent; posteroventral dentary process absent; fused sternal plates; highly flattened metacarpal I; pubic symphysis absent), characters absent in basal members (fused metacarpals; proximally placed pubic tubercle; metatarsal III does not reach tarsus), characters present in related theropods (enlarged prefrontal; dentary teeth in common groove; procoelous caudal centra; obturator fenestra absent in pubis), and characters unknown in alvarezsaurids (gastralia absent; pentadactyl manus). Other theropods are known to have lost dorsal jugal and quadratojugal processes, to have fused their sterna, and lost their pubic symphyses as well, of course. The remaining autapomorphies are unique among archosaurs as far as I know. The authors state "it is interesting that many of the characters listed are recorded in ornithischians", but while Lesothosaurus has enlarged prefrontals (primitive for archosaurs), a flattened metacarpal I and a proximally placed pubic tuber, the other characters listed and present in alvarezsaurids are absent. The synapomorphies shared by Theropoda and its subgroups are far more numerous, and any suggestion for placing alvarezsaurids outside that clade can be ignored.
References- Bonaparte, 1991. Los vertebrados fósiles de la Formación Rio Colorado, de la Ciudad de Neuquén y Cercanías, Cretácico Superior, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" e Instituto Nacional de Investigación de las Ciencias Naturales: Paleontología. 4(3), 15-123.
Karhu and Rautian 1996a. [A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1996(4), 85-94.
Karhu and Rautian 1996b. A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 30, 583-592.
Sereno, 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science. 284, 2137-2147.
Lu, Dong, Azuma, Barsbold and Tomida, 2002. Oviraptorosaurs compared to birds. In Zhou and Zhang (eds.). Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Beijing Science Press. 175-189.
Sereno, online 2005. Stem Archosauria - TaxonSearch. http://www.taxonsearch.org/dev/file_home.php [version 1.0, 2005 November 7]
Alifanov and Barsbold, 2009. Ceratonykus oculatus gen. et sp. nov., a new dinosaur (?Theropoda, Alvarezsauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 43(1), 94-106.
Choiniere, Xu, Clark, Forster, Guo and Han, 2010. A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the Early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Science. 327, 571-574.
Hendrickx, Hartman and Mateus, 2015. An overview of non-avian theropod discoveries and classification. PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 12(1), 1-73.

Alvarezsaurus Bonaparte, 1991
A. calvoi Bonaparte, 1991
Santonian, Late Cretaceous
500 m NE of the Universidad Nacional del Comahue center, Bajo de la Carpa Formation of the Rio Colorado Subgroup, Neuquen, Argentina
Holotype- (MUCPv 54) (3.51 kg; subadult) fifth cervical centrum (14 mm), sixth cervical vertebra, seventh cervical vertebra (14.5 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (9 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (10 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (10 mm), first dorsal vertebra (8.5 mm), second dorsal vertebra (9 mm), third dorsal vertebra (11 mm), two incomplete dorsal neural arches, second sacral centrum (12 mm), third sacral centrum (13 mm), fourth sacral centrum (16 mm), partial fourth caudal vertebra, fragmentary fifth caudal vertebra, partial sixth caudal vertebra, fragmentary seventh caudal vertebra, incomplete eighth caudal vertebra, fragmentary ninth caudal vertebra, partial tenth caudal vertebra, incomplete eleventh caudal vertebra (~24 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (~28 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (~31 mm), incomplete fourteenth caudal vertebra, partial fifteenth caudal vertebra, sixteenth caudal vertebra (~40 mm), three chevrons, incomplete scapula (~112 mm), incomplete coracoid, partial manual ungual I (~30 mm), ilia (92 mm; one fragmentary), proximal femora, distal tibiae, fibular fragment, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsals II (66 mm; one incomplete), phalanx II-1 (20 mm), phalanx II-2 (12 mm), pedal ungual II (13 mm), incomplete metatarsals III (82 mm), phalanges III-1 (18 mm), phalanges III-2 (13 mm), phalanx III-3 (10 mm), pedal ungual III (15 mm), metatarsals IV (73 mm; one incomplete), phalanges IV-1 (12 mm), phalangse IV-2 (10 mm), phalanges IV-3 (6.5 mm), phalanges IV-4 (6 mm), pedal ungual IV (12 mm), pedal phalanx, two pedal phalangeal fragments
Diagnosis- (after Novas, 1996) cervical postzygapophyses dorsoventrally flattened, paddle shaped in dorsal view with a pair of strong craniocaudal ridges; length of distal caudals more than 200% length of proximal caudals; reduced scapula (47% of ilial length) without distal expansion; ventrally keeled manual ungual I.
Comments- The holotype was discovered in May 1987. Meso et al. (2021) "reinterpreted the positions of the caudal vertebrae of the Alvarezsaurus calvoi holotype: the most proximal centra are reinterpreted as caudals 4-7, and the distalmost centra are reinterpreted as caudals 8-16."
References- Bonaparte, 1991. Los vertebrados fósiles de la Formación Rio Colorado, de la Ciudad de Neuquén y Cercanías, Cretácico Superior, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" e Instituto Nacional de Investigación de las Ciencias Naturales: Paleontología. 4(3), 15-123.
Novas, 1996. Alvarezsauridae, Cretaceous basal birds from Patagonia and Mongolia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 39, 675-702.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 2002. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvarezsauridae, Mononykus and its kin. In Chiappe and Witmer (eds.). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press. 87-120.
Meso, Qin, Pittman, Canale, Salgado and Diez Diaz, 2021. Tail anatomy of the Alvarezsauria (Theropoda, Coelurosauria), and its functional and behavioural implications. Cretaceous Research. 124, 104830.

Achillesaurus Martinelli and Vera, 2007
A. manazzonei Martinelli and Vera, 2007
Etymology- "Achilles (Latin), in reference to Achilles' heel, the weak point of Achilles in the book "Iliad" written by Homer, because the holotype has diagnostic features in this portion of the skeleton. ... Manazzonei, in honor to Prof. Rafael Manazzone, an amateur paleontologist who provided valuable data about Patagonian fossil localities, and assisted to several paleontological field trips."
Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Paso Córdova, Bajo de la Carpa Formation of the Rio Colorado Subgroup, Río Negro, Argentina
Holotype- (MACN-PV-RN 1116) (adult) sacral vertebral fragment, last sacral vertebra (~30 mm), partial first caudal neural arch, second caudal vertebra (30 mm), partial ~fourth caudal vertebra (~29 mm), partial distal caudal centrum, second chevron, partial left ilium, proximal left femur, distal left tibia, partial left astragalus, proximal left metatarsal II, proximal left metatarsal III, proximal left metatarsal IV
Diagnosis- (after Martinelli and Vera, 2007) presence of a biconcave, possible fourth, caudal vertebra with the anterior surface 30% larger in diameter than the posterior one (unknown in Alvarezsaurus).
differs from Alvarezsaurus in- lateral fossa in proximal caudal centra; less developed supraacetabular crest; brevis shelf not reaching base of ischial peduncle; lateral malleolus of tibia at the same level as the medial one.
Comments- The holotype was discovered in 1995. Martinelli and Vera (2007) stated "The neural arch is fused to the centrum in each vertebra without visible suture between both elements suggesting a sub-adult condition." Note the scale in Figure 3 must be 20 mm instead of 10 mm and the fourth caudal is misidentified in the caption as a "possible fourth biconcave sacral."
Martinelli and Vera (2007) recovered this in a trichotomy with Alvarezsaurus and other alvarezsaurids using a TWiG matrix. Agnolin et al. (2012) proposed Achillesaurus was a patagonykine although they did not include it in their analysis. This requires 7 additional steps in the Hartmnan et al. (2019) matrix where it instead emerges just closer to parvicursorines than Alvarezsaurus. On the other hand, only a single step joins it with Alvarezsaurus as in Longrich and Currie (2009) and only 2 steps makes it just further from parvicursorines than Alvarezsaurus as in Xu et al. (2018).
Reference- Martinelli and Vera, 2007. Achillesaurus manazzonei, a new alvarezsaurid theropod (Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous Bajo de la Carpa Formation, Río Negro Province, Argentina. Zootaxa. 1582, 1-17.
Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252.
Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012 (online 2011). New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. 35, 33-56.
Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018. Two Early Cretaceous fossils document transitional stages in alvarezsaurian dinosaur evolution. Current Biology. 28, 1-8.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Alnashetri Makovicky, Apesteguia and Gianechini, 2012
A. cerropoliciensis Makovicky, Apesteguia and Gianechini, 2012
Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
La Buitrera, Candeleros Formation of the Rio Limay Subgroup, Río Negro, Argentina
Holotype- (MPCA 477) proximal femur, distal tibiae, fibular fragment, astragalocalcanea, metatarsals II (one incomplete, one proximal), metatarsals III (one incomplete, one proximal), phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, proximal metatarsal IV
Referred- (MPCA 377) skeleton lacking many caudal vertebrae, including cervical and sacral vertebrae, coracoid, sternal plates, humerus, ulna, metacarpal I, manual ungual I, metacarpal II, metacarpal III, ilia, pubes and hindlimb (Makovicky et al., 2016)
Diagnosis- (after Makovicky et al., 2012) low ridge on the distal end of the tibia, which separates the anterior surface for articulation with the astragalus from the outer face of the lateral malleolus, and which extends up the shaft of the tibia dorsal to the tip of the ascending process of the astragalus; small notches extend ventrally from the collateral ligament pits at the base of the distal articular hemicondyles on pedal phalanges III-2 and III-3
Comments- The holotype was discovered in 2005. Makovicky et al. (2012) found it to be an alvarezsaurid more derived than Alvarezsaurus but less than Linhenykus and other arctometatarsal taxa, based on a version of the TWiG matrix supplemented by Zanno. Makovicky et al. (2016) reported a new almost complete specimen in an abstract, recovering it sister to Alvarezsauridae.
References- Makovicky, Apesteguia and Gianechini, 2012. A new coelurosaurian theropod from the La Buitrera fossil locality of Río Negro, Argentina. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 5, 90-98.
Makovicky, Apesteguia and Gianechini, 2016. A new, almost complete specimen of Alnashetri cerropoliciensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) impacts our understanding of alvarezsauroid evolution. XXX Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados. Libro de resumenes, 74.
Makovicky, Apesteguia and Gianechini, 2017. A new, almost complete specimen of Alnashetri cerropoliciensis impacts our understanding of alvarezsauroid evolution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2017, 157.

Dzharaonyx Averianov and Sues, 2022
D. eski Averianov and Sues, 2022
Mid-Late Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Dzharakuduk, Bissekty Formation, Uzbekistan
Holotype- (ZIN PH 2619/16) humerus
Paratypes- ?(ZIN PH 2440/16) carpometacarpus (4.3 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 2441/16) distal caudal vertebra (9.9 mm), partial distal caudal vertebra (Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 2442/16) incomplete distal caudal vertebra (Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 2443/16) carpometacarpus (5.7 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 2444/16) manual phalanx I-1 (8.6 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 2445/16) incomplete manual ungual I (Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 2446/16) partial manual ungual I (Averianov and Sues, 2017)
?(ZIN PH 2616/16) posterior dorsal vertebra (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2617/16) distal caudal vertebra (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2618/16) incomplete manual ungual I (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2620/16) incomplete ulna (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2621/16) (juvenile) incomplete ulna (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2622/16) (juvenile) partial metatarsal II (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2623/16) manual phalanx I-1 (8.7 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2624/16) (juvenile) manual phalanx I-1 (8.2 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2625/16) manual phalanx I-1 (8.9 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2626/16) proximal pubis (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2627/16) (juvenile) proximal pubis (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2628/16) pedal phalanx III-1 (8.7 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2629/16) pedal phalanx IV-1 (6.7 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2630/16) pedal phalanx IV-1 (5.5 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2631/16) pedal phalanx IV-1 (5.4 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2632/16) pedal phalanx IV-1 (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2633/16) incomplete pedal ungual ?III (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2634/16) (juvenile) proximal manual phalanx I-1 (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
?(ZIN PH 2635/16) distal caudal vertebra (8.6 mm) (Averianov and Sues, 2022)
Diagnosis- (after Averianov and Sues, 2002) without infrapostzygapophyseal fossae (also in Mononykus); with longitudinal canal within neural arch (also in Achillesaurus and the Tugriken Shire parvicursorine); humerus with small internal tuberosity; humerus with similar-sized radial and ulnar condyles; distally protruding radial condyle of humerus; ulna with globular carpal trochlea; ulnar facet for aponeurosis tubercle of radius; carpometacarpus with articular surface of metacarpal II in line with distal articular joints of metacarpal I; manual phalanx I-1 with similarly developed flexor ridges; manual phalanx I-1 lacking dorsolateral process; manual ungual I with collateral grooves either forming notches or forming ventral foramina (also in Trierarchuncus); pedal phalanx IV-1 with protruding proximomedial process; pedal phalanx IV-1 with proximoventral notch (also in Albertonykus and Parvicursor); pedal phalanx IV-1 with asymmetrical distal condyles (also in Parvicursor and Mononykus IGM 100/206); pedal unguals with flexor tubercles (also in Patagonykus).
Other diagnoses- Averianov and Sues (2022) list many characters typical of parvicursorines- posterior dorsal vertebrae opisthocoelous; distal caudal vertebrae procoelous; ulna with hypertrophied olecranon process; manual ungual I with flexor sulcus; pubis with preacetabular tubercle (and in Bonapartenykus); arctometatarsalian pes; metatarsal II with posterolateral flange.
Comments- The specimens were discovered between 1977 and 1994, and between 1997 and 2006. While initially only identified as Alvarezsauridae indet., Averianov and Sues (2017) propose it "is possibly one of the most basal parvicursorines [apparently using Xu et al.'s stem-based definition] based on its relatively unmodified metacarpal III, which occupies about one third of the width of the carpometacarpus, the less asymmetrical proximal articular surface of manual phalanx II-1 and the absence of a dorsal process, the presence of short ventral ridges on that phalanx, and the laterally open ventral foramina on the ungual of manual digit II." Averianov and Sues (2022) describe this as a new taxon of alvarezsaurid, based on additional postcranila elements and designating the humerus as the holotype. Note the article was first published online on March 10 2022, despite the issue being listed as 2021. As with other Bissekty taxa, remains are isolated so may represent more than one taxon. In this case, each referred ulna differs in that "The round facet for the aponeurosis tubercle of the radius is clearly present in the mature specimen ZIN PH 2020/16 but is absent in the juvenile ZIN PH 2021/16", and manual ungual I examples differ in that "In two specimens (ZIN PH 2445/16 and 2446/16), the collateral grooves are enclosed by notches whereas they pass through ventral foramina on the third specimen (ZIN PH 2618/16)." While these could be individual variation, they could also indicate different taxa. Assuming one taxon, Averianov and Sues used Choiniere's coelurosaur analysis to recover the Bissekty OTU in a large polytomy with other parvicursorines, even when implied weighting was used.
References- Averianov and Sues, 2017. The oldest record of Alvarezsauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Northern Hemisphere. PLoS ONE. 12(10), e0186254.
Averianov and Sues, 2022 (as 2021). New material and diagnosis of a new taxon of alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41(5), e2036174.

Parvicursorinae Karhu and Rautian, 1996a sensu Hutchinson and Chiappe, 1998
Definition- (Mononykus olecranus + Parvicursor remotus) (Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019; modified from Choiniere, Xu, Clark, Forster, Guo and Han, 2010)
Other definitions- (Parvicursor remotus <- Patagonykus puertai) (Xu, Upchurch, Ma, Pittman, Choiniere, Sullivan, Hone, Tan, Tan, Xiao and Han, 2013)
= Mononykinae Chiappe, Norell and Clarke, 1998
Definition- (Mononykus olecranus + Shuvuuia deserti + Parvicursor remotus) (modified from Chiappe et al., 1998)
Other definitions- (Mononykus olecranus + Shuvuuia deserti) (Sereno, online 2005)
= Mononykinae sensu Sereno, online 2005
Definition- (Mononykus olecranus + Shuvuuia deserti)
Comments- Sereno (online, 2005) claims his is the first definition suggested for Mononykinae, but Chiappe et al. (1998) defined it earlier as "the common ancestor of Mononykus, Shuvuuia, and Parvicursor, plus all their descendants." Most 1990s authors used Mononykinae for this clade, but according to ICZN rules it should be called Parvicursorinae. All family level (-idae, -inae, etc.) variations on a name are implicitly created by and credited to the authors who erect one family level name for a taxon. Thus Karhu and Rautian implicitly erected Parvicursorinae in 1996 when they named Parvicursoridae, which gives it priority over Mononykinae that was named in 1998. Hutchinson and Chiappe (1998) were the first to publish the term Parvicursorinae, though they explicitly state they use Mononykinae instead because Parvicursoridae was conceived by Karhu and Rautian as excluding Mononykus, lacks a phylogenetic definition, and was redundant in their paper with Parvicursor. However, the ICZN doesn't consider these reasons valid. Another option would be to use Sereno's definition for Mononykinae, which would then exclude Parvicursor if Longrich and Currie's (2009) topology is correct.
References- Karhu and Rautian 1996a. [A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1996(4), 85-94.
Karhu and Rautian 1996b. A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 30, 583-592.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 1998. The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature. 392, 275-278.
Hutchinson and Chiappe, 1998. The first known alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) from North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18(3), 447-450.
Sereno, online 2005. Stem Archosauria - TaxonSearch. http://www.taxonsearch.org/dev/file_home.php [version 1.0, 2005 November 7]
Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252
Choiniere, Xu, Clark, Forster, Guo and Han, 2010. A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Science. 327, 571-574.
Xu, Upchurch, Ma, Pittman, Choiniere, Sullivan, Hone, Tan, Tan, Xiao and Han, 2013 (online 2011). Osteology of the alvarezsauroid Linhenykus monodactylus from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, China, and comments on alvarezsauroid biogeography. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58(1), 25-46.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

undescribed parvicursorine (Todd, 2017 online)
Late Cretaceous?
Mongolia
Material- (CMMD coll.) fragmentary skull, dentary, eight partial cervical vertebrae, seven dorsal vertebrae, eleven caudal vertebrae, scapula, coracoid, humerus, phalanx I-1, manual ungual I, distal pubis, distal ischium, femora (one distal), tibiotarsi, metatarsals II (one partial), phalanges II-1, phalanges II-2 (one proximal), metatarsals III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, proximal phalanx III-3, metatarsals IV (one partial), phalanx IV-1
Comments- This specimen was privately owned until a legal case (U.S. Attorney's Office Southern District of New York, online 2014) where smuggled dinosaurs were being returned to the CMMD in Mongolia, including one of the "numerous partial skeletons." Todd (2017 online) photographed the specimens, one of which is clearly parvicursorine based on e.g. robust humerus, extensive distal puboischial contact, and the hyperarctometatarsus.
Reference- U.S. Attorney's Office Southern District of New York, online 2014. Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Return To Mongolia Of Fossils Of Over 18 Dinosaur Skeletons. July 10.
Todd, 2017 online. https://www.flickr.com/photos/101561334@N08/34883142704/in/album-72157683092773953/

unnamed parvicursorine (Bohlin, 1953)
Campanian-Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Minhe Formation, Inner Mongolia, China
Material- distal manual phalanx I-1, manual ungual I
Comments- Bohlin (1953) referred two teeth, and more questionably a penultimate phalanx and ungual, to Velociraptor mongoliensis (mispelled V. mongoliense). The teeth are indeed probably dromaeosaurid, and roughly similar to Velociraptor. The phalanx is said to be broader than Velociraptor's III-3 and the illustrated ungual is clearly an alvarezsaurid manual ungual I however. This makes Bohlin's material the first published alvarezsaurid specimen from Asia.
Reference- Bohlin, 1953. Fossil reptiles from Mongolia and Kansu. Sino-Swedish Expedition Publication. 37, 1-105.

undescribed parvicursorine (Norell et al., 1993)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Bayn Dzak, Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia
Material- (AMNH 6524) partial ilium, proximal pubis, proximal ischium, femora, tibiae, partial metatarsus
Comments- AMNH 6524 was found in 1922 and only identified as a bird-like dinosaur. It was not until 1993 that it was identified as an alvarezsaurid (Norell et al., 1993). Originally identified as Mononykus, it is more likely Shuvuuia or the Tugriken Shireh taxon as it is from the Djadokhta Formation. It has yet to be described in the technical literature.
References- Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993. New limb on the avian family tree. Natural History. September, 38-43.

undescribed Parvicursorinae (Turner, Nesbitt and Norell, 2009)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Zos Wash, Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia
Material- (?IGM coll.)
Comments- Turner et al. (2009) stated "alvarezsaurids of uncertain affinity have been collected at the following localities: ... Gilvent Wash (adjacent to the Ukhaa locality); and various lesser-known localities (Norell, personal obs.)."
Reference- Turner, Nesbitt and Norell, 2009. A large alvarezsaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates. 3648, 14 pp.

unnamed parvicursorine (Pittman, Xu and Stiegler, 2015)
Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Wulansuhai Formation, Inner Mongolia, China
Material- (IVPP V20341; Xiaoshalong) (adult) four anterior cervical vertebrae (one incomplete, one partial, two fragmentary; 6.9 mm excluding condyle), partial cervical centrum, partial cervical rib?, incomplete proximal caudal vertebra (7.5 mm), two partial proximal caudal vertebrae (7.3 mm), partial caudal centrum, ?scapular fragment, distal pedal phalanx II-1, proximal phalanx II-2, fragmentary phalanx II/III-?, incomplete phalanx III-2, fragmentary phalanx III-3, incomplete phalanx IV-?, fragmentary phalanx ?IV-?
Diagnosis- (after Pittman et al., 2015) procoelous cervical centra? (based on the convexity of two central rims, and a partial centrum which might be oriented backward); large proximal caudal neural canals.
Differs from Linhenykus in- cervical diapophyseal ridges extend to posteroventral rim of centrum instead of posterodorsal one; cervical epipophyses absent; cervical centra with rounded ventral surface; cervical centra not mediolaterally compressed (positional?); cervicals lack carotid processes (positional?); cervical pleurocoels absent (also in Ceratonykus and Mononykus); caudal transverse processes originate from anterodorsal corner of centra instead of posterior end of prezygapophyses; transverse processes deflect more ventrally away from dorsal edge of posterior articular surface; chevron articular facets absent; anterior portions of caudal centra have lateral foramen.
Comments- Pittman et al. (2015; preprint 2014) describe this new specimen as a parvicursorine that 'lacks' autapomorphies of other taxa and differs from the contemporaneous Linhenykus in several ways, though the latter differences are often considered to be potentially caused by positional variation among known vertebrae. However, some of these differences (cervical epipophyses absent; cervical pleurocoels absent) are only known to vary with position in the opposite direction, as IVPP V20341's cervicals are anterior and Linhenykus' middle. Also, IVPP V20341 doesn't lack autapomorphies of e.g. Xixianykus, Parvicursor, Albinykus, Shuvuuia and Ceratonykus, it's too fragmentary to evaluate their autapomorphies' presence.
References- Pittman, Xu and Stiegler, 2014 online. The taxonomy of a new parvicursorine alvarezsauroid specimen IVPP V20341 (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, China. PeerJ PrePrints. 2, e702v1.
Pittman, Stiegler and Xu, 2015. A new parvicursorine alvarezsauroid specimen IVPP V20341 (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Gobi basin: A specimen of Linhenykus or an eighth genus? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2015, 196.
Pittman, Xu and Stiegler, 2015. The taxonomy of a new parvicursorine alvarezsauroid specimen IVPP V20341 (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, China. PeerJ. 3, e986.

Mononykini Chiappe, Norell and Clarke, 1998 vide Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012
Definition- (Mononykus olecranus <- Parvicursor remotus, Patagonykus puertai, Alvarezsaurus calvoi) (modified from Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012)
References- Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 1998. The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature. 392, 275-278.
Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012 (online, 2011). New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. 35, 33-56.

Mononykus Perle, Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993b
= Mononychus Perle, Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993a (preoccupied Schuppel in Germar, 1824)
M. olecranus (Perle, Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993a) Perle, Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993b
= Mononychus olecranus Perle, Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993a
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Bugin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM N107/6) (2.94 kg) partial maxilla, tooth, braincase, skull fragments, third cervical vertebra (17.5 mm), fourth cervical vertebra, fifth cervical vertebra, sixth cervical vertebra, seventh cervical vertebra (16.9 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (14.5 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (13.7 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (13.4 mm), first dorsal vertebra (15.1 mm), second dorsal vertebra (17.2 mm), third dorsal vertebra, mid dorsal vertebra (17.5 mm), mid dorsal vertebra (15.3 mm), posterior dorsal vertebra (14.5 mm) posterior dorsal vertebra (14.2 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (14.1 mm), three proximal dorsal ribs, first sacral vertebra (14.2 mm), second sacral vertebra (14.1 mm), posterior sacrum, proximal caudal vertebra, scapulae (73.1, 73.2 mm), incomplete coracoid, sternum, humeri (36.6, 36.7 mm), radii (18.1, 18.2 mm), ulnae (33.6, 34.4 mm), carpometacarpi (11.9, 9.5, 6.4 mm; 11.8, 8.6, 6.2 mm), phalanx I-1 (19.2, 21.3 mm), manual ungual I (23.9, 26.7 mm), partial ilium, proximal pubes, femora (138.2, 138.6 mm), tibiotarsi (175.2 mm), proximal fibula, metatarsal I (14.5 mm), phalanx I-1 (9 mm), proximal pedal ungual I, partial metatarsal II, phalanx II-1 (16.1 mm), phalanx II-2 (11.5 mm), pedal ungual II (19.3 mm), metatarsal III, phalanx III-1 (16.5 mm), phalanx III-2 (12.9 mm), phalanx III-3 (11.9 mm), pedal ungual III (19.1 mm), partial metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1 (12.3 mm), phalanx IV-2 (10.6 mm), phalanx IV-3 (10.9 mm), phalanx IV-4 (10 mm), pedal ungual IV
Referred- (IGM coll.; 060813 BgT KHTB) partial skeleton including vertebra and (?)pelvis (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Altan Uul III, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
(IGM 100/206) seven mid-distal caudal vertebrae, partial femur, partial tibia, distal tarsal IV, incomplete metatarsal II, metatarsal III, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2 (Lee, Park, Lee, Kim, Lu, Barsbold and Tsogtbaatar, 2019)
Diagnosis- (after Chiappe et al., 1998; compared to Shuvuuia) compressed anterior dorsal centra; pubic shaft subtriangular in section; deeper notch at base of astragalar ascending process.
(after Chiappe et al., 2002) thirteenth dorsal vertebra biconvex; fused ilium and ischium; supracetabular crest only developed over anterior portion of acetabulum; two cnemial crests; astragalar ascending process arises from medial margin of astragalar condyle.
(after Suzuki et al., 2002; compared to Shuvuuia) shorter pedal phalanx I-1; pedal phalanx II-2 shorter than pedal ungual II; pedal phalanges IV-2, IV-3 and IV-4 shorter and more robust.
Other diagnoses- Several characters previously thought to be diagnostic of Mononykus (cervical pleurocels absent; compressed posterior cervical centra; deltopectoral crest separated from humeral head) are now known to be present in Ceratonykus as well, and probably join the two as sister taxa.
Comments- The holotype was discovered in 1987, described briefly by Perle et al. (1993a), then in more detail by Perle et al. (1994). Perle et al. (1993a) originally named the genus Mononychus, but this name is preoccupied by a curculionid beetle (Schuppel in Germar, 1824) so that Perle et al. (1993b) proposed the replacement Mononykus.
Perle et al. (1993a) referred the Tugriken Shire specimen IGM 100/99 to Mononykus, though they later (1994) expressed doubts about this assignment. Chiappe et al. (1996) later referred Ukhaa Tolgod specimens IGM 100/975, 100/977 and 100/1001 to Mononykus as well. These and IGM 100/99 were all assigned to the new genus Shuvuuia by Chiappe et al. (1998), while IGM 100/99 was reassigned to Parvicursor sp. by Longrich and Currie (2009) (it is gien its own entry here). AMNH 6524 was stated to be a Mononykus specimen found in 1922 in Bayn Dzak by Norell et al. (1993), but it is more likely Shuvuuia or the Tugriken Shireh taxon based on stratigraphy. Watabe and Suzuki (2000) reported a "Mononykus complete skeleton without skull" from Khermeen Tsav, but this is more likely to belong to Ceratonykus from that locality. Watabe et al. (2010) note "isolated bones and partial skeletal parts of alvarezsaurid (Theropoda)" found in 2006 in Bugin Tsav, which they list as Mononykus specimen 060813 BgT KHTB. While undescribed, it is from Mononykus' type locality. Matsumoto et al. (2010) lists the material as "vertebra and pelvis(?)." Lee et al. (2019) described partial caudal series and hindlimb IGM 100/206 as cf. Mononykus sp., stating it is "almost indistinguishable from that of Mononykus except for the distal end of the tibia which is completely separated from the proximal tarsals."
References- Germar, 1824. Coleopterorum species novae aut minus cognitae, descriptionibus illustratae. J. C. Hendelii et filii. 624 pp.
Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993. New limb on the avian family tree. Natural History. September, 38-43.
Perle, Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993a. Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature. 362, 623-626.
Perle, Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993b. Correction to flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature. 363, 188.
Patterson, 1993. Bird or dinosaur? Nature. 365, 21-22.
Perle, Chiappe, Barsbold, Clark and Norell, 1994. Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda: Avialae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates. 3105, 29 pp.
Zhou, 1995. Is Mononykus a bird? The Auk. 112(4), 958-963.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 1996. Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 39, 557-582.
Novas, 1996. Alvarezsauridae, Cretaceous basal birds from Patagonia and Mongolia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 39, 675-702.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 1997. Mononykus and birds: Methods and evidence. The Auk. 114(2), 300-302.
Martin, 1997. The difference between dinosaurs and birds as applied to Mononykus. In Wolberg, Stump and Rosenberg (eds.). Dinofest International. 337-342.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 1998. The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature. 392, 275-278.
McNeil, 1998. Functional anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Mononykus olecranus (Dinosauria: Saurischia: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. PhD thesis, Yale University. 264 pp.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 2002. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvarezsauridae, Mononykus and its kin. In Chiappe and Witmer (eds.). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press. 87-120.
Suzuki, Chiappe, Dyke, Watabe, Barsbold and Tsogtbaatar, 2002. A new specimen of Shuvuuia deserti Chiappe et al., 1998, from the Mongolian Late Cretaceous with a discussion of the relationships of alvarezsaurids to other theropod dinosaurs. Contributions in Science. 494, 1-18.
Senter, 2004. Range of motion in the forelimbs of Mononykus, and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24(3), 253A.
Senter, 2005. Function in the stunted forelimbs of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda), a dinosaurian anteater. Paleobiology. 31(3), 373-381.
Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252.
Matsumoto, Hashimoto, Sonoda, Fujiyama, Mifune, Kawahara and Saneyoshi, 2010. Report of the preparation works for Mongolian specimens in Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences: 1999-2008. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 167-185.
Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010. Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2006. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 11-18.
Lee, Park, Lee, Kim, Lu, Barsbold and Tsogtbaatar, 2019. A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Scientific Reports. 9:15493.
Smith and Burch, 2021. Musculature of the bizarre forelimb of the alvarezsaurid Mononykus olecranus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and its implications for digging. The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Virtual Meeting Conference Program, 81st Annual Meeting. 238-239.

Qiupanykus Lü, Xu, Chang, Jia, Zhang, Gao, Zhang, Zhang and Ding, 2018
Q. zhangi Lü, Xu, Chang, Jia, Zhang, Gao, Zhang, Zhang and Ding, 2018
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Qiupa Formation, Henan, China
Holotype- (41HIII-0101) four cervical vertebrae, six sacral vertebrae, twenty-five caudal vertebrae, chevron, partial ilium, patial pubes, partial ischium, femur (74.2 mm), tibiae (98.6 mm), proximal fibula, astragalocalcaneum, distal tarsi III fused to metatarsals II (72.6 mm), metatarsal III (25 mm), distal tarsi IV fused to metatarsals IV (75.4 mm), two pedal phalanges, three pedal unguals
Diagnosis- (after Lü et al., 2018) posterior sacral vertebrae with a strong ventral keel; functional sacrum made up of eight vertebral elements (two proximal caudals plus six sacral vertebrae); small pneumatic foramen in caudal vertebrae; proximal caudals with transverse processes centrally positioned on centrum; pubic articular surface on pubic peduncle of ilium reduced and knob-like; fibular crest of tibia large and quadrangular.
Comments- Kundrát et al. (2017) first mentioned this specimen as preserving eggshells belonging to it, but Lü et al. (2018) determined the associated eggshell was heavier than the animal itself and identical to oviraptorid eggs. They thus proposed it was feeding on the egg instead.
Lü et al. entered this into a version of Longrich and Currie's alvarezsauroid matrix and recovered it between Patagonykus and parvicursorines, in a polytomy with Linhenykus and Xixianykus. Note their shown cladogram (consensus of 20 trees; figure 3) is more resolved than the actual 214 trees found when their matrix is fully analyzed.
References- Kundrát, Lü, Xu, Pu, Shen and Chang, 2017. First assemblage of eggshells and skeletal remains of the alvarezsaurid dinosaur from Laurasia (Upper Cretaceous, China). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts, 2017, 145.
Lü, Xu, Chang, Jia, Zhang, Gao, Zhang, Zhang and Ding, 2018. A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation of Luanchuan, Henan Province, central China. China Geology. 1, 28-35.

Parvicursor Karhu and Rutian, 1996a
= Ondogurvel Averianov and Lopatin, 2022b
P. remotus Karhu and Rutian, 1996a
= Ondogurvel alifanovi Averianov and Lopatin, 2022b
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Khulsan, Baruungoyot Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (PIN 4487/25) (~390 mm; 162 g; <1 year old juvenile) incomplete ~seventh dorsal vertebra, incomplete ~ninth dorsal vertebra (6.7 mm), anterior sacral centrum two fused mid-posterior sacral centra, last sacral centrum, incomplete sacral neural arch, first caudal vertebra (6.7 mm), second caudal vertebra (6.3 mm), third caudal vertebra (6.2 mm), incomplete fourth caudal vertebra (6.8 mm), incomplete fifth caudal vertebra, partial sixth caudal vertebra, seventh caudal vertebra (6.4 mm), three partial proximal chevrons, partial ilium, pubes (one incomplete, one partial), ischia (one partial, one fragmentary), femora (one incomplete; 52.6 mm), tibiae (75.7 mm), fibula (15.5 mm), astragalocalcaneum, distal tarsal III, distal tarsal IV, incomplete metatarsal I, metatarsals II (one incomplete; 54.7 mm), phalanges II-1 (9.3 mm), phalanx II-2 (5.7 mm), pedal ungual II (6.1 mm), metatarsals III (14.4, 13.1 mm), phalanx III-1 (8.7 mm), metatarsal IV (55.0 mm), phalanges IV-1 (5.7 mm), phalanx IV-2 (4.8 mm), phalanx IV-3 (4.4 mm), phalanx IV-4 (4.6 mm), pedal ungual IV (6.6 mm)
Referred- ?(PIN coll.) incomplete skull and skeleton (Mirantsev, DML 2004)
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Nemegt, Baruungoyot Formation, Mongolia
(PIN 5838/1; holotype of Ondogurvel alifanovi) fragmentary eighth dorsal centrum, incomplete ninth dorsal vertebra, anterior synsacrum, incomplete carpometacarpus, phalanges I-1 (10.6 mm), ilia (one partial, one fragmentary), incomplete pubes, incomplete ischia, incomplete femur, tibia (122.8 mm), astragalus, partial fibula, partial metatarsal I, incomplete fused metatarsal II and IV, phalanx II-1 (12.4 mm), phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalangeal fragments (Averianov and Lopatin, 2022b)
Diagnosis- (after Karhu and Rautian, 1996) strongly anteriorly bowed femur (also in Ceratonykus).
(after Chiappe et al., 2002) pedal digit IV less than 50% the length of metatarsal IV (47%).
(after Averianov and Lopatin, 2022a) differs from Ceratonykus by- lack of longitudinal crest on dorsal surface of postacetabular process; lack of fourth trochanter on femur.
Differs from Nemegtonykus by- lack of fourth trochanter on femur; entocondylar tuber of femur present.
(after Averianov and Lopatin, 2022b; for Ondogurvel alifanovi) metatarsals II and IV fused over two thirds of their length.
Other diagnoses- Karhu and Rautian (1996) listed a ventral crest "developed only on first sacral vertebra", but this is based on the last sacral centrum (Averianov and Lopatin, 2022a). A sigmoid femur in side view is also present in Shuvuuia, IGM 100/99, Linhenykus and Xixianykus. Metatarsal III being "about one fourth" (24-26% of total metatarsus length is also true in IGM 100/99 (27%) and Ceratonykus (24%).
Contra Chiappe et al. (2002), the last dorsal vertebra is not necessarily opisthocoelous, as the element described as the last dorsal could have had a more anterior position. They also state pedal digit IV being shorter than digit II is diagnostic, but it is actually 24% longer than digit II.
Comments- The holotype was discovered in 1992 and described in 1996 by Karhu and Rautian. Chiappe et al. (2002) correctly noted that while the original description claimed complete pelvic fusion, "the pubis and ischium of the only known specimen are not connected to the iliac portion of the acetabulum." Alifanov (2012) suggested the opisthocoelous supposed last dorsal vertebra could be placed more anteriorly (thus allowing an unpreserved biconvex last dorsal vertebra), and that the supposed first sacral was actually the last. Averianov and Lopatin (2022a) redescribed the holotype and found that the supposed last three dorsal vertebrae were actaully two non-sequential posterior dorsals (but not including the last, which should be biconvex) plus "the centrum of a sacral vertebra, incorrectly glued to a neural arch." The centrum "is considered here that of an anterior sacral vertebra. This centrum is incorrectly glued to the neural arch, which likely belongs to a sacral vertebra." The supposed first three sacral centra of the original description were reidentified as the last sacral and two fused mid to posterior sacrals. Note the article was published on January 18 2022, despite the issue being dated 2021.
Mirantsev reported an undescribed specimen at the PIN as well (DML 2004).
PIN 5838/1 was found in 1999 and described by Averianov and Lopatin (2022b) as a new taxon of parvicursorine Ondogurvel alifanovi. They reported it differs from Parvicursor "by the dorsally arcuate supraacetabular crest of the ilium, by the tibia less curved labially in transverse plane, by less expanded proximal part of the fibula, and by a relatively shorter pedal phalanx II-1." While these differences are real, the femur was said to be "almost identical with the femur in Parvicursor" and the two emerge as sister taxa if entered into Hartman et al.'s maniraptoromorph matrix. As they are from the same formation and Parvicursor is a juvenile with a tibia 62% of the size of Ondogurvel, it is hypothesized here that the taxa are synonymous and the shorter pedal phalanx and fused metatarsus are ontogenetic differences while the others could be individual variation (tibial curvature is known to vary in Microraptor, for instance). Averianov and Lopatin added Ondogurvel to a TWiG analysis and used implied weighting to recover it sister to Albinykus, but in their earlier Parvicursor redescription noted this was done because equal weighting led to large polytomies in Parvicursorinae. Thus it does not strongly argue against synonymy with Parvicursor.
References- Karhu and Rautian 1996a. [A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1996(4), 85-94.
Karhu and Rautian 1996b. A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 30, 583-592.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 2002. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvarezsauridae, Mononykus and its kin. In Chiappe and Witmer (eds.). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press. 87-120.
Mirantsev, DML 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033503/http://dml.cmnh.org/2004Jun/msg00232.html
Alifanov, 2012. [Superorder Dinosauria]. In Kurochkin and Lopatin (eds.). [Fossil vertebrates of Russia and adjacent countries. Fossil reptiles and birds. Part 2]. GEOS. 153-309.
Averianov and Lopatin, 2022a (as 2021). A re-appraisal of Parvicursor remotus from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: Implications for the phylogeny and taxonomy of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19(16), 1097-1128.
Averianov and Lopatin, 2022b. A new alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Cretaceous Research. 135, 105168.
Averianov, Skutschas and Lopatin, 2023. Ontogeny and miniaturization of Alvarezsauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Biological Communications. 68(2), 65-73.

Jaculinykus Kubo, Kobayashi, Chinzorig and Tsogtbaatar, 2023
J. yaruui Kubo, Kobayashi, Chinzorig and Tsogtbaatar, 2023
Etymology- "Jaculinykus is from "Jaculus," a tiny dragon from the Greek myth, and “onykus,” claw; yaruui, derived from Mongolian word, yaruu (): speedy (= hasty)."
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Nemegt, upper Baruungoyot Formation, Ömnögovi, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM 100/209) (adult) incomplete skull (119.86 mm), incomplete mandibles (94.78 mm), twenty-eight teeth (1-5 mm), hyoids, incomplete axis (12.39 mm), incomplete third cervical vertebra (12.5 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (13.31 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (15.14 mm), incomplete sixth cervical vertebra, incomplete seventh cervical vertebra (18.01 mm), incomplete ninth cervical vertebra (13.69 mm), eleventh cervical vertebra (12.23 mm), twelfth cervical vertebra, first dorsal vertebra, second dorsal vertebra, incomplete third dorsal vertebra (14.04 mm), incomplete fourth dorsal vertebra (12.61 mm), incomplete fifth dorsal vertebra (12.87 mm), incomplete sixth dorsal vertebra, partial seventh dorsal neural arch (13.43 mm), incomplete eighth dorsal vertebra, partial ninth dorsal vertebra, at least five partial to incomplete dorsal ribs, fused first and second sacral vertebrae (13.04, 12.32 mm), third sacral vertebra (11.9 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (11.08 mm), fused fifth and sixth sacral vertebrae (12.47, ~13.38 mm), seventh sacral vertebra (16.32 mm), incomplete third caudal vertebra (15.49 mm), incomplete sixth caudal vertebra (14.25 mm), incomplete seventh caudal vertebra (13.09 mm), incomplete tenth caudal vertebra (13.24 mm), incomplete twelfth caudal vertebra (15.01 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (13.93 mm), incomplete fourteenth caudal vertebra (~12.05 mm), incomplete fifteenth caudal vertebra (14.8 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (14.28 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (14.27 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (~14.54 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (14.36 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (~11.38 mm), anterior twenty-first caudal vertebra, twenty-second caudal vertebra (~11.38 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (~11.57 mm), posterior twenty-fourth caudal vertebra, twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (13.04 mm), anterior twenty-sixth caudal vertebra, partial twenty-seventh caudal vertebra (11.8 mm), incomplete twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (11.1 mm), thirtieth caudal vertebra (9.9 mm), incomplete thirty-first caudal vertebra (11.2 mm), thirty-second caudal vertebra (11.2 mm), thirty-third caudal vertebra (11.2 mm), thirty-fourth caudal vertebra (~9.2 mm), fragmentary thirty-fifth caudal vertebra, pygostyle (17.87 mm), fifteenth chevron, dorsal thirty-first chevron, incomplete scapulae (57.84, 57.9 mm), incomplete coracoid (13.55, 13.9 mm proximodist), incomplete humeri (30.36, 30.61 mm), radii (17.34, 15.96 mm), ulnae (28.23, 30.81 mm), carpometacarpi (right 9.42 mm), phalanges I-1 (15.25, ~16.55 mm), manual unguals I (22.82, 25.6 mm), phalanges II-1 (3.34, 3.97 mm), left phalanx II-2 (3.78 mm), left manual ungual II (5.91 mm), incomplete ilia (left 86.23 mm), pubes, ischia, femora (114.28, 113.39 mm), tibiotarsi (~137.51, ~153.29 mm), right fibula (35.14 mm), distal tarsal III, distal tarsal IV, metatarsals I (9.32, 7.63 mm), phalanges I-1 (5.76, 6.36 mm), incomplete pedal unguals I (6.73, 7.53 mm), metatarsals II (108.08, 103.6 mm), phalanges II-1 (15.62, 14.56 mm), phalanges II-2 (11.09, 11.16 mm), pedal unguals II (14.91, 16.15 mm), metatarsals III (29.09, 27.5 mm), phalanges III-1 (15.87, 16.26 mm), phalanges III-2 (12.03, 12.25 mm), phalanges III-3 (11.54, 10.37 mm), pedal unguals III (10.24, 13.4 mm), metatarsals IV (108.39, 103.87 mm), phalanges IV-1 (8.49, 7.38 mm), phalanges IV-2 (9.12, 8.41 mm), phalanges IV-3 (8.93, 8.04 mm), phalanges IV-4 (9.43, 9.08 mm), pedal unguals IV (9.99, 10.49 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Kubo et al., 2023; autapomorphies only) tall external naris at level of premaxilla; medially curved parasagittal crest on parietal; dentaries slender (posterior width 9.5% of length) and nearly straight in dorsal/ventral view; triangular-shaped deltopectoral crest separated from humeral head by notch; strong extensor process of metacarpal I (also in Bannykus); weakly developed proximodorsal process of manual phalanx I-1; robust medial condyle of the tibia relative to lateral condyle; sharply indented base of astragalar ascending process.
Comments- Discovered in 2016. Note Kubo et al. first say the specimen's cervical series is only "missing ... [the] eighth or ninth cervical vertebra", but later state "The missing cervical elements are the atlas, the eighth and tenth cervical vertebra", which is correct. Similarly, the materials list claims the holotype is "missing ... posterior dorsal vertebrae", but the paper proposes nine dorsals were originally present and all are accounted for. In addition, while not mentioned in the materials list, the holotype lacks a few distal caudal vertebrae proximal to the pygostyle, all cervical ribs, most dorsal ribs, almost all chevrons, right distal tarsals and both metatarsals V. An element preserved adjacent to right manual phalanx II-2 is labeled "Ulnare (?)" in Figure 11C, but no proximal carpals are mentioned in the text. They claim "the complete closure of the neurocentral suture in the cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, fusion of sacral vertebrae, and co-ossification between proximal tarsals and tibia suggest that the individual was at least a late ontogenetic stage or close to maturity."
Kubo et al. (2023) added Jaculinykus to Choiniere's coelurosaur analysis and found it to be a mononykin parvicursorine sister to Shuvuuia.
References- Kubo, Kobayashi, Tsogtobaatar and Tsogtobaatar, 2022. A new alvarezsaurid from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia reveals a taxonomic diversification and an adaptation for agility of alvarezsaurids. 208.
Kubo, Kobayashi, Chinzorig and Tsogtbaatar, 2023. A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur (Theropoda, Alvarezsauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot Formation of Mongolia provides insights for bird-like sleeping behavior in non-avian dinosaurs. PLoS ONE. 18(11): e0293801.

Shuvuuia Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 1998
S. deserti Chiape, Norell and Clark, 1998
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Ukhaa Tolgod, Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM 100/975) nine cervical vertebrae, several dorsal vertebrae, sacrum, partial second caudal vertebra, third caudal vertebra, fourth caudal vertebra, fifth caudal vertebra, sixth caudal vertebra, seventh caudal vertebra, eighth caudal vertebra, ninth caudal vertebra, tenth caudal vertebra, eleventh caudal vertebra, twelfth caudal vertebra, thirteenth caudal vertebra, fourteenth caudal vertebra, fifteenth caudal vertebra, sixteenth caudal vertebra, seventeenth caudal vertebra, eighteenth caudal vertebra, nineteenth caudal vertebra, partial twentieth caudal vertebra, twelve partial chevrons, proximal scapula, coracoid, humerus (33 mm), metacarpals I, phalanges I-1, manual unguals I, manual phalanx II-? or III-?, partial ilia (~79 mm), proximal pubis, proximal ischium, proximal femur, distal tibiae, femoral and tibial fragments, astragalus, metatarsal II (106 mm), metatarsal III (110 mm from proximal metatarsus end), metatarsal IV (106 mm), several pedal phalanges
Paratypes- (IGM 100/977) skull, mandibles, hyoids, atlas, cervical vertebra, six presacral vertebrae, dorsal ribs, scapulae, coracoid, sternum, humerus, metacarpal I, phalanx I-1, manual ungual I, feather fragments
(IGM 100/1001) incomplete skull, incomplete mandible, hyoids
Referred- (IGM 100/1276) anterior dorsal vertebra, vertebrae, humerus (33 mm), ulna, partial ilium, proximal pubis, femur (~128 mm), tibiae (164 mm), metatarsal II (106 mm), phalanx II-1, metatarsal III, metatarsal IV (106 mm), phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV, pedal phalanges, pedal ungual, fragments (Turner, Nesbitt and Norell, 2009)
(IGM 100/1305) metatarsus (99.5 mm) (Turner, Nesbitt and Norell, 2009)
?(IGM coll.) more than two specimens (Norell, 1997)
Diagnosis- (after Chiappe et al., 1998) pubis subcircular in section; femoral and tibiotarsal shefts bowed lateromedially; sharp ridge on medial margin of distal tibiotarsus.
Other diagnoses- Three characters used by Chiappe et al. (1998) to diagnose Shuvuuia (articulation between the quadrate and postorbital; elongated basipterygoid processes; hypertrophied prefrontal) are now known in Ceratonykus too.
Comments- Chiappe et al. (1996) referred IGM 100/975, 100/977 and 100/1001 to Mononykus, briefly describing some aspects of them. Norell (1997) stated over ten alvarezsaurid specimens have been found in Ukhaa Tolgod. At least one is probably IGM 100/1126, which was identified as Shuvuuia on the AMNH website but is actually an undescribed troodontid, while another may be Kol. Chiappe et al. (1998) named Shuvuuia and described the skull preliminarily, with more detailed description of the holotype and paratypes appearing in Chiappe et al. (2002). Schweitzer et al. (1999) described feather fragments from IGM 100/977, while Dufeau (2002, 2003) described the skulls of IGM 100/977 and 100/1001.
IGM 100/99 (Chiappe et al., 1998, 2002) and MPD 100/120 (Suzuki et al., 2001, 2002) were referred to Shuvuuia. However, Longrich and Currie (2009) noted they differ from Shuvuuia and separated them as the Tugriken Shireh taxon in their analysis.
Mirantsev (DML 2004) reported two additional PIN specimens from the Baruungoyot Formation "one with nearly complete posterior part of skull, another with complete manus", which seems to be a reference to the Ceratonykus holotype found the year prior.
References- Perle, Norell, Chiappe and Clark, 1993. Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature. 362, 623-626.
Perle, Chiappe, Barsbold, Clark and Norell, 1994. Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda: Avialae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates. 3105, 1-29.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 1996. Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 39, 557-582.
Norell, 1997. Ukhaa Tolgod. In Currie and Padian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press. 769-770.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 1998. The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature. 392, 275-278.
Schweitzer, Watt, Avci, Knapp, Chiappe, Norell and Marshall, 1999. Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 285, 146-157.
Sereno, 2001. Alvarezsaurids: Birds or ornithomimosaurs? In Gauthier and Gall (eds.). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds. Yale University Press. 70-98.
Suzuki, Chiappe, Dyke, Watabe, Barsbold and Tsogtbaatar, 2001. A new specimen of Shuvuuia deserti from the Late Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21(3), 107A.
Chiappe, Norell and Clark, 2002. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvarezsauridae, Mononykus and its kin. In Chiappe and Witmer (eds.). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press. 87-120.
Dufeau, 2002. The cranial morphology of Shuvuuia deserti (Theropoda: Alvarezsauridae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3), 50A.
Suzuki, Chiappe, Dyke, Watabe, Barsbold and Tsogtbaatar, 2002. A new specimen of Shuvuuia deserti Chiappe et al., 1998, from the Mongolian Late Cretaceous with a discussion of the relationships of alvarezsaurids to other theropod dinosaurs. Contributions in Science. 494, 1-18.
Dufeau, 2003. The cranial anatomy of the theropod dinosaur Shuvuuia deserti (Coelurosauria: Alvarezsauridae), and its bearing upon coelurosaurian phylogeny. Masters thesis. The University of Texas at Austin. 275 pp.
Mirantsev, DML 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033503/http://dml.cmnh.org/2004Jun/msg00232.html
Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252.
Turner, Nesbitt and Norell, 2009. A large alvarezsaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates. 3648, 14 pp.
Saitta, Fletcher, Martin, Pittman, Kaye, True, Norell, Abbott, Summons, Penkman and Vinther, 2018. Preservation of feather fibers from the Late Cretaceous dinosaur Shuvuuia deserti raises concern about immunohistochemical analyses on fossils. Organic Geochemistry. 125, 142-151.
Meso, Qin, Pittman, Canale, Salgado and Diez Diaz, 2021. Tail anatomy of the Alvarezsauria (Theropoda, Coelurosauria), and its functional and behavioural implications. Cretaceous Research. 124, 104830.

unnamed clade (Albertonykus borealis + "Ornithomimus" minutus)
Diagnosis- (after Longrich and Currie, 2009) shaft of metatarsal III with sharp ventral keel; metatarsal III with flat, unexpanded dorsal surface (also in Alvarezsaurus).
Reference- Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252

Albertonykus Longrich and Currie, 2009
= "Albertonykus" Longrich and Currie, 2008 online
A. borealis Longrich and Currie, 2009
= "Albertonykus borealis" Longrich and Currie, 2008 online
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada
Holotype- (TMP 2001.045.0091) ulna (27 mm)
Paratypes- ?(TMP 1999.050.0110) pedal phalanx III-3
?(TMP 2000.045.0008) pedal phalanx III-1
?(TMP 2000.045.0012) metatarsal III
?(TMP 2000.045.0031) proximal tibia
?(TMP 2000.045.0061) pedal phalanx II-1
?(TMP 2000.045.0085) proximal metatarsal II or IV
?(TMP 2000.045.0086) manual ungual I
?(TMP 2000.045.0097) pedal phalanx
?(TMP 2000.045.0098) tibia (191 mm)
?(TMP 2002.045.0052) metatarsal III
?(TMP 2003.045.0051) pedal phalanx
?(TMP 2003.058.0008) pedal phalanx III-2
?(UALVP 48636) pedal phalanx IV-1
Referred- ?(TMP 2001.045.0091) quadrate (TMP online)
Diagnosis- (modified from Longrich and Currie, 2009) ulna extremely broad (35% as wide as long); ulna bearing a tuber on its medial margin; manual ungual I with Y-shaped lateral grooves; ventral groove of manual ungual I reaches proximally as far as the ventral foramina; highly reduced fibular crest of the tibia.
Other diagnoses- Some characters in Longrich and Currie's (2009) original diagnosis are primitive (ulna with two articular facets for the humerus), seen in all parvicursorines (ulna with a large radial articular facet), or also present in "Ornithomimus" minutus (shaft of metatarsal III with sharp ventral keel; metatarsal III with flat, unexpanded dorsal surface).
Comments- Longrich and Currie's paper first appeared as an accepted manuscript on July 16 2009, but was not officially published until February 2009. According ICZN Article 8.5.1, "to be considered published, a work issued and distributed electronically must ... have been issued after 2011" and thus Albertonykus borealis was not valid until the physical publication. Funston and Currie (2018) figure the tibia in additional views.
References- Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252.
Eberth and Currie, 2010. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and taphonomy of the Albertosaurus bonebed (upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation; Maastrichtian), southern Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 47(9), 1119-1143.
Funston and Currie, 2018. A small caenagnathid tibia from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Maastrichtian): Implications for growth and lifestyle in oviraptorosaurs. Cretaceous Research. 92, 220-230.

"Ornithomimus" minutus Marsh, 1892
= Dromaeosaurus minutus (Marsh, 1892) Olshevsky, 1991
= Troodon minutus (Marsh, 1892) Olshevsky, 2000
(?) Late Cretaceous
(?) Denver Basin, Colorado, US
Holotype- (USNM coll.; lost) partial metatarsal II, partial metatarsal III, partial metatarsal IV
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lance Formation, Wyoming, US
Referred- ?(YPM 1049) incomplete metatarsal III (Holtz, 1994)
Comments- The holotype material was received by the YPM in 1887 and sent to the USNM by 1908 (Gilmore, 1920). It was said by Marsh (1892) to be "various portions of the second, third, and fourth metatarsals", in which "the distinctive feature is seen in the third which has the upper part of the shaft so attenuated that it may not reach to the tarsus." If true, this would be the first report of a theropodan hyperarctometatarsus, currently recognized in derived alvarezsaurids and Avimimus. Marsh completes the only known description by stating "the second and fourth metatarsals are very long and slender. This unique animal was about the size of the common fowl." According to Gilmore, the type material could not be located in the USNM collections and is considered lost. Note while Marsh wrote O. minutus was "from the Ceratops beds of Wyoming" and "in the same horizon" as "O." sedens (the Lance Formation of Wyoming), Lull (pers. comm. to Gilmore, 1908) wrote it was in diamond number lot 1871, which Gilmore found via USNM records was collected in Cretaceous beds of Colorado. He listed the locality as "Denver Basin, Colorado" and the horizon as "Denver (?), Upper Cretaceous."
Gilmore did report and describe one specimen at the USNM labeled by Marsh as "Ornithomimus minutus Metatarsal (new) (Bird or Ornithomimus), P. Qu. August 1-16, 1889-D. 2050." This is USNM 2909, consisting of a distal metatarsal II and two distal phalangeal fragments. Russell (1972) considered "Ornithomimus" minutus an indeterminate dromaeosaurid or pterosaur, apparently based on Gilmore's specimen as that work is cited. Contrary to many websites however, he did not create the new cobmination Dromaeosaurus minutus. This was instead first published by Olshevsky (1991), who later (2000) used the combination Troodon minutus instead. The specimen is definitely from the Lance Formation of Wyoming and is actually an enantiornithine (Chiappe and Walker, 2002).
Holtz (1994) is the first author to publish on YPM 1049, a distal third metatarsal from the Lance Formation of Wyoming. Comparing its hyperarctometatarsaly favorably to Mononykus, it was stated to be the type specimen of Ornithomimus minutus. Longrich and Currie (2009) include YPM 1049 as an OTU in their alvarezsauroid analysis, finding it groups with Albertonykus. It is currently photographed in the YPM online database, catalogd as a "cotype" (= syntype) of Ornithomimus minutus. If Marsh was correct about the locality, this could be a syntype (or only known specimen, as Marsh was known to exaggerate completeness of his taxa) of "Ornithomimus" minutus. Yet if Lull was correct about the type being from Colorado, this is not part of that material as is from Wyoming and has diamond number 2042.
A final specimen labeled Ornithomimus minutus is USNM 8263, collected by Hatcher in 1890 from the Lance Formation of Wyoming (USNM database). Although labeled a metatarsal, it instead seems to be metacarpal I of an ornithomimosaur. As "O." minutus is an alvarezsaurid, it cannot be properly referred.
References- Marsh, 1892. Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation. American Journal of Science. 43, 449-453.
Gilmore, 1920. Osteology of the Carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. United States National Museum Bulletin. 110, 1-154.
Russell, 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 9(4), 375-402.
Olshevsky, 1991. A revision of the parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings. 2, 196 pp.
Holtz, 1994. The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14(4), 408-519.
Olshevsky, 2000. An annotated checklist of dinosaur species by continent. Mesozoic Meanderings. 3, 157 pp.
Chiappe and Walker, 2002. Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes). In Chiappe and Witmer (eds.). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press. 240-267.
Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252.

Trierarchuncus Fowler, Wilson, Freedman Fowler, Noto, Anduza and Horner, 2020
T. prairiensis Fowler, Wilson, Freedman Fowler, Noto, Anduza and Horner, 2020
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Hell Creek Formation, Montana, US
Holotype- (MOR 6622) manual ungual I (~44 mm)
Paratypes- (BDM 001) manual ungual I (35 mm)
(MOR 3098) (juvenile?) manual ungual I (~26 mm)
Referred- ?(BDM 002) distal radius (Fowler, Wilson, Freedman Fowler, Noto, Anduza and Horner, 2020)
(DDM 1682.32) manual ungual I (Freimuth and Wilson, 2021)
?(LACM 45796) manual ungual I (LACM online)
?(LACM 45862) ungual (LACM online)
?(LACM 153311) incomplete proximal caudal vertebra (Salgado, Coria, Arcucci and Chiappe, 2009)
?(MOR 2920) distal metatarsal III (Anduza, Fowler, Noto and Horner, 2013)
(MOR 10889) proximal manual ungual I (Freimuth and Wilson, 2021)
?(UCMP 154584; the Montanan mononykine) pubis (~100 mm), ischial fragment (Hutchinson and Chiappe, 1998)
?(UWGM coll?) metatarsal III (Buckley and Ott, 2001)
Diagnosis- (after Fowler et al., 2020) on the distal end of the radius there is a wide notch formed between the proximal extension of the aponeurosis tubercle and ulnar suture; ventral sulcus of manual ungual I extends proximally to reach the distal extent of the ventral foramina but does not extend between them; deep lateral embayment of the ventral foramina such that they are displaced strongly medially, where the width of the embayment is >10% of the total width of the ungual at that point; extensive rugosity developed as spur-like projections over proximal end; eakly rugose flexor tubercle; flexor tubercle formed into two small mounds; slight (more than Albertonykus, but less than Mononykus) lateral pinching of the proximal articular end, forming a very weak butterfly shape.
(after Hutchinson and Chiappe, 1998) ischium substantially reduced in width compared to pubis.
Comments- UCMP 154584 was discovered in July 1980 (although the UCMP online catalog says 1983) and catalogd as "?Aves/Theropoda" until it was identified by Hutchinson as an alvarezsaurid in 1996. Hutchinson and Chiappe (1998) described it as Mononykinae incertae sedis. An almost complete metatarsal III (UWGM coll?) was discovered in Summer 2000 and presented as an abstract and poster at SVP 2001 by Buckley and Ott. They referred it to Alvarezsauridae, noting the straight lateral and medial margins and ventral keel distinguished it from Mononykus. Salgado et al. (2009) favorably compared some of their new Allen Formation alvarezsaurid caudals to a new specimen, stating "in the middle of the vertebral centrum, those [ventral] ridges closely approach to almost contact, leaving a groove between them, as seen in Shuvuuia and in an unpublished specimen from the Hell Creek Formation of the United States (LACM 153311)" (translated). The LACM online collections fully illustrate the specimen as Alvarezsauridae, revealing it to be an incomplete proximal element found in 2007. Notably the LACM online collections also includes two Hell Creek alvarezsaurid unguals (LACM 45796 and 45862) found in 1968 and 1969 respectively that have not been published on yet. Anduza et al. (2013) first reported "a metatarsal III (Museum of the Rockies specimen MOR 2920)" found in 2000 in an SVP abstract, described by Fowler et al. (2020) as a parvicursorine. Note this is not the same specimen presented by Buckley and Ott, being less complete and from the opposite side of the body. Andeza et al. also mentioned "two unassociated manual unguals from digit I (MOR 3098, 6622)" found in 2010 and 2006 respectively, which differed in size and a number of anatomical characters. At the time they stated "morphological differences between MOR 6622 and 3098 most likely represent either variation (allometric or ontogenetic) within the same taxon, or taxonomic distinction." Finally, Fowler et al. described these unguals, manual ungual I BDM 001 and radius BDM 002, both found in 2015. They made MOR 6622 the holotype of a new taxon Trierarchuncus prairiensis, referring BDM 001 based on shared characters, and tentatively the other specimens and UCMP 154584 based on stratigraphy. This is extended to the Hell Creek specimens not mentioned by Fowler et al. here. By 2019, Fowler et al. had settled on ungual differences being ontogenetic, as the largest and smallest unguals were found very close by stratigraphically and "the differences observed between the specimens described here are consistent with what would be expected during ontogeny, i.e. the smallest specimen has the least developed features (most of which might also be considered as more basal states)." Fowler et al. added a Trierarchuncus composite (including BDM 002, MOR 2920 and UCMP 154584) to Choiniere's coelurosaur analysis and recovered it in a polytomy with taxa closer to Parvicursorinae than Albertonykus. Freimuth and Wilson (2021) described two new manual unguals I, MOR 10889 found in 2005 and DDM 1682.32.
References- Hutchinson and Chiappe, 1998. The first known alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) from North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18(3), 447-450.
Buckley and Ott, 2001. A new specimen of alvarezsaurid from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21(3), 36A-37A.
Salgado, Coria, Arcucci and Chiappe, 2009. Restos de Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) en la Formación Allen (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano), en Salitral Ojo de Agua, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Andean Geology. 36(1), 67-80.
Anduza, Fowler, Noto and Horner, 2013. New alvarezsaurid material from the Hell Creek Formation, Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Program and Abstracts 2013, 78.
Fowler, Wilson, Freedman Fowler, Noto, Anduza and Horner, 2020. Trierarchuncus prairiensis gen. et sp. nov., the last alvarezsaurid: Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), Montana. Cretaceous Research. 116, 104560.
Freimuth and Wilson, 2021 (2020 online). New manual unguals of Trierarchuncus prairiensis from the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, and the ontogenetic development of the functional alvarezsaurid hand claw. Cretaceous Research. 119, 104698.

Heptasteornis Harrison and Walker, 1975
H. andrewsi Harrison and Walker, 1975
= Troodon andrewsi (Harrison and Walker, 1975) Paul, 1988
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Sinpetru Beds, Romania
Holotype- (NHMUK A4359) distal tibiotarsus (32.5 mm wide)
Paratype- ?(NHMUK A1528) distal tibiotarsus (33.8 mm wide)
Referred- ?(FGGUB R.1957) distal femur (Kessler, Grigorescu and Csiki, 2005)
Comments- The holotype was originally referred to the Elopteryx holotype individual (Andrews, 1913), then considered a pelecaniform. Lambrecht (1929) referred NHMUK A1528 to Elopteryx as well. Harrison and Walker (1975) later separated the material and named Heptasteornis as a new taxon of strigiform based on two distal tibiotarsi. Later authors agreed Heptasteornis was a non-avian theropod, beginning with Brodkorb (1978). Glut (1982) notes Brett-Surman proposed it was non-avian at the 1978 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology meeting, "an opinion supported by Dr. Storrs Olson and Dr. R. T. Bakker." Martin (1983) suggested it was ornithomimid. Paul (1988) and Osmólska and Barsbold (1990) suggested it was troodontid, Paul going so far as to synonymize it with Troodon. Le Loeuff et al. (1992) suggested it was synonymous with Elopteryx, which they placed in the Dromaeosauridae. Csiki and Grigorescu (1998) suggested it was synonymous with Bradycneme, which they believed to be a non-maniraptoran tetanurine. Martin (1997) was the first to suggest a relationship with Mononykus, which was confirmed in a paper by Naish and Dyke (2004). This is based primarily on the notched medial margin of the astragalar ascending process. They placed it in Mononykinae (=Parvicursorinae) based on the lack of fibular-tarsal contact (which also contradicts an ornithomimid or dromaeosaurid identity). Longrich and Currie (2009) later stated Heptasteornis "could conceivably come from an oviraptorosaur", but without any reason. The only oviraptorosaur that lacks fibular-calcaneal contact is Avimimus, which doesn't have the notched ascending process of Heptasteornis and alvarezsaurids. Thus assigning Heptasteornis to Oviraptorosauria is unparsimonious given current information. Hartman et al. (2019) were the first to test this in an analysis, recovering it as an alvarezsaurid closest to Linhenykus, Xixianykus and Albinykus. Only a single step moves it to Troodontidae, and 3 steps move it to Dromaeosauridae.
Kessler et al. (2005) described a distal femur which they referred to Elopteryx based on surface texture. The femur shares many characters with alvarezsaurids (lateral condyle projected distal to the medial one; prominent ectepicondyle), Mononykus+Shuvuuia (infrapopliteal bridge) and Mononykus (triangular shape of the popliteal fossa, bordered by proximally converging supracondylar ridges). The last character is unknown in Shuvuuia, but the infrapoplitteal bridge is absent in Parvicursor. Thus I refer this distal femur to Heptasteornis, as Elopteryx is unlike alvarezsaurids in some features.
References- Andrews, 1913. On some bird remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Transylvania. Geological Magazine. 5, 193-196.
Lambrecht, 1929. Mesozoische und tertiare Vogelreste aus Siebenburgen. In Csiki (ed.). Xe Congres International de Zoologie. 1262-1275.
Lambrecht, 1933. Handbuch der Palaeornithologie. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger. 1024 pp.
Harrison and Walker, 1975. The Bradycnemidae, a new family of owls from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania. Palaeontology. 18(3), 563-570.
Brodkorb, 1978. catalog of fossil birds. Part 5, Passeriformes. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences. 23, 139-228.
Glut, 1982. The New Dinosaur Dictionary. Citadel Press. 288 pp.
Martin, 1983. The origin and early radiation of birds. In Brush and Clark (eds.). Perspectives in Ornithology. 291-338.
Paul, 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster. 464 pp.
Osmólska and Barsbold, 1990. Troodontidae. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria. University of California Press. 259-268.
Le Loeuff, Buffetaut, Mechin and Mechin-Salessy, 1992. The first record of dromaeosaurid dinosaur (Saurichia, Theropoda) in the Maastrichtian of southern Europe: Palaeobiogeographical implications. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France. 163(3), 337-343.
Martin, 1997. The difference between dinosaurs and birds as applied to Mononykus. In Wolberg, Stump and Rosenberg (eds.). Dinofest International. 337-342.
Csiki and Grigorescu, 1998. Small theropods from the Late Cretaceous of the Hateg basin (western Romania) - an unexpected diversity at the top of the food chain. Oryctos. 1, 87-104.
Naish and Dyke, 2004. Heptasteornis was no ornithomimid, troodontid, dromaeosaurid or owl: The first alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Europe. Neus Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 7, 385-401.
Kessler, Grigorescu and Csiki, 2005. Elopteryx revisited - a new bird-like specimen from the Maastrichtian of the Hateg Basin. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae. 5, 249-258.
Longrich and Currie, 2009 (online 2008). Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae. Cretaceous Research. 30(1), 239-252.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Ceratonykini Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012
= "Ceratonykini" Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, online 2011
Definition- (Ceratonykus oculatus + Xixianykus zhangi) (modified after Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012)
Comments- Agnolin et al. (2012) added several alvarezsaurids to Choiniere's coelurosaur analysis and recovered a trichotomy of Albinykus, Ceratonykus and Xixianykus, sister to Parvicursorinae. They named this clade Ceratonykini and gave it a node-based definition. A pairing of Albinykus and Xixianykus has since been found by Xu et al. (2018) and Hartman et al. (2019), but Xu et al. place Ceratonykus closer to parvicursorines, while Hartman et al. found it more basal than either, sister to Qiupanykuswhich neither of the other studies used. An updated version of Hartman et al.'s analysis recovers a Ceratonykini within Parvicursorinae, but also including Linhenykus and Nemegtonykus. Agnolin et al.'s paper first appeared as an accepted manuscript on December 16 2011, but was not officially published until June 2012. According ICZN Article 8.5.1, "to be considered published, a work issued and distributed electronically must ... have been issued after 2011" and thus Ceratonykini was not valid until the physical publication.
References- Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012 (online 2011). New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. 35, 33-56.
Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018. Two Early Cretaceous fossils document transitional stages in alvarezsaurian dinosaur evolution. Current Biology. 28, 1-8.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Ceratonykus Alifanov and Barsbold, 2009a
C. oculatus Alifanov and Barsbold, 2009a
Late Campanian(?), Late Cretaceous
Red Beds of Khermeen Tsav of Baruungoyot Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (MPC 100/24) incomplete skull (~60 mm), mandibles (one partial), atlantal intercentrum, atlantal neural arch, anterior cervical centrum (10 mm), anterior cervical vertebra (10.5 mm), partial anterior cervical vertebra, first caudal vertebra, three proximal caudal vertebrae (9.5, 9 mm), two mid caudal vertebrae, partial coracoids, posterior sternum, proximal humerus, (?)carpometacarpal fragment, partial carpometacarpus, manual phalanx I-1 (10 mm), ilial fragment, incomplete femora, incomplete tibiotarsi, metatarsi II (one incomplete), phalanx II-1 (14 mm), proximal phalanx II-2, metatarsi III (one distal), phalanx III-1 (15 mm), proximal phalanx III-2, metatarsi IV, distal phalanx IV-1 (~12 mm), phalanx IV-2 (10 mm)
Referred- ? (930921 KmT) skeleton including ten proximal caudal vertebrae, two chevrons, tibia, metatarsal I, phalanx I-1, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, proximal pedal ungual II, metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, proximal phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, metatarsal IV, many fragments (Watabe and Suzuki, 2000)
? (uncollected?) elements (Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010)
Diagnosis- (after Alifanov and Barsbold, 2009b) shorter supratemporal fenestrae than Shuvuuia (~27% of frontal length compared to 33%); more elongate frontals than Shuvuuia (~30% of length vs. 50%); prefrontals contact on median; basipterygoid processes two-thirds as high as quadrates; fossa anterior to external mandibular fenestra on dentary; external mandibular fenestra anteriorly rounded; transversely narrow proximal caudal centra; femora strongly curved in lateral view; elongate tibiotarsus (almost twice as long as femora); cnemial crest reduced distally; elongate metatarsus (~1.33 times femoral length).
Other diagnoses- Alifanov and Barsbold (2009b) also listed many other characters in their diagnosis which are problematic. Shuvuuia also has a long snout, while the anteriorly tapering frontals are probably plesiomorphic. Mononykus and IGM 100/977 have a notch between the deltopectoral crest and humeral head. The elongate, distally narrow and symmetrical manual phalanx I-1 is probably plesiomorphic, being shared with Patagonykus. The supposed dorsal anteromedial crest on the postacetabular fragment is probably the brevis fossa, as in other alvarezsaurids. The fourth trochanter is plesiomorphic, being present in other alvarezsaurids except for Parvicursor remotus. The ascending process is said to be equally broad and tall as Mononykus'. The third metatarsal is comparable in length to Parvicursor's (~28% of side metatarsals). All arctometatarsal alvarezsaurids have dorsally and ventrally grooved articulations between metatarsals II and IV proximally. The proximal notch between metatarsals II and IV is seen in Mononykus as well. The second metatarsal is also shorter than the fourth in Parvicursor. The ratio between pedal phalanges II-1 and IV-1 is merely estimated based on IV-2 length, and is the same as in Mononykus in any case. While most of the diagnostic features are unknown in Mononykus (except the three femoral and tibiotarsal characters), the broader vertebral centra, more obtuse sternal keel angle, seemingly narrower metacarpal I, different phalanx I-1 morphology, less compressed tibiotarsal shaft and more elongate pedal phalanges also help distinguish the taxon.
Comments- Discovered in 2003, Alifanov and Barsbold (2009a,b) placed this taxon sister to Mononykus in Parvicursorinae, though without using a quantitative analysis. Averianov and Lopatin (2022) recovered Ceratonykus sister to Parvicursor using a TWiG matrix, but only when analyzed with implied weighting. They stated "differences between these taxa are minimal and concern characters that might be liable to ontogenetic and/or individual variation. Consequently, it is possible that these taxa could be synonyms." Both are from the Baruungoyot Formation as well, and one of their stated differences is the ilial ridge which would be nullified if it is actually a brevis ridge as proposed here. However, they fall out four nodes apart in an improved version of Hartman et al.'s maniraptoromorph analysis (with updated Parvicursor scores, etc.) and require three steps to unite, so this is not followed here.
Discovered on September 11 1993, 930921 KmT was reported as "Mononykus complete skeleton without skull", but this is more likely to be Ceratonykus based on provenence. It is photographed in situ as "skeleton of Mononykus-like small-sized theropod from the Red Bed horizon in Khermeen Tsav."
Watabe et al. (2010) report "isolated bones a small theropod (probably alvarezsaurid)" from the Red Beds of Khermeen Tsav found in 2006, which would again match the provenece of Ceratonykus. Both of these specimens could also be Parvicursor as well, which is known from other localities in the same formation.
Alifanov and Barsbold identify an irregular element (or complex of elements?) as a right carpometacarpus, with two conical processes identified as fused unguals. Yet the fragment doesn't resemble a metacarpus, and if it were, the spikes would project ventrally unlike digits (as they are perpendicular to the flattest axis of the complex). They would be more easily homologized with the ventrally dipping lateral metacarpals of Mononykus, or the proximoventral processes on Patagonykus' phalanx I-1.
References- Watabe and Suzuki, 2000. Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1993. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 1, 17-29.
Alifanov and Barsbold, 2009a. Ceratonykus oculatus gen. et sp. nov., a new dinosaur (?Theropoda, Alvarezsauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 2009(1), 86-99.
Alifanov and Barsbold, 2009b. Ceratonykus oculatus gen. et sp. nov., a new dinosaur (?Theropoda, Alvarezsauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 43(1), 94-106.
Watabe, Suzuki, Tsogtbaatar, Tsubamoto and Saneyoshi, 2010. Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2006. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3, 11-18.
Alifanov and Saveliev, 2011a. [Brain structure and neurobiology of alvarezsaurians (Dinosauria), exemplified by Ceratonykus oculatus (Parvicursoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 2011(2), 61-69.
Alifanov and Saveliev, 2011b. Brain structure and neurobiology of alvarezsaurians (Dinosauria), exemplified by Ceratonykus oculatus (Parvicursoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal. 45(2), 183-190.
Averianov and Lopatin, 2022 (as 2021). A re-appraisal of Parvicursor remotus from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: Implications for the phylogeny and taxonomy of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19(16), 1097-1128.

Linhenykus Xu, Sullivan, Pittman, Choiniere, Hone, Upchurch, Tan, Xiao, Tan and Han, 2011
L. monodactylus Xu, Sullivan, Pittman, Choiniere, Hone, Upchurch, Tan, Xiao, Tan and Han, 2011
Campanian, Late Cretaceous
The Gate, Wulansuhai Formation, Inner Mongolia, China
Holotype- (IVPP V17608) (~450 g; subadult) mid cervical vertebrae (9 mm), three partial anterior-mid cervical vertebrae, mid dorsal vertebra (8.2 mm), partial eighth dorsal vertebra, incomplete ninth dorsal vertebra (7.6 mm), third sacral centrum, fourth sacral centrum, fifth sacral centrum, sixth sacral centrum (7.3 mm), first caudal centrum (7.3 mm), second caudal vertebra (8.3 mm), incomplete third caudal vertebra (8.7 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (8.7 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (7.7 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (7.6 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (7.6 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (7.1 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (6.4 mm), mid caudal vertebra, mid caudal vertebra, mid caudal vertebra, distal caudal vertebra, incomplete proximal chevron, partial scapulocoracoid, sternum (7.7 mm), distal humerus, distal ulna, radiale (2 mm), semilunate+metacarpals I (one partial; 7.1 mm), phalanges I-1 (one incomplete; 11.9 mm), manual unguals I (15.9 mm), metacarpal II (5.1 mm), partial ilium, proximal pubis, proximal ischium, femora (~70 mm), tibiae (97.5 mm), partial astragalocalcanea, phalanx I-1, pedal ungual I, metatarsal II (68 mm), phalanges II-1 (one distal; 11.3 mm), phalanges II-2 (one proximal), proximal pedal ungual II, metatarsal III (31 mm), proximal phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2 (6.9 mm), distal phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III (8 mm), metatarsals IV (one distal; ~68.5 mm), phalanx IV-1 (7.6 mm), proximal phalanx IV-2, distal phalanx IV-3, phalanges IV-4 (~3.8, 4 mm), proximal pedal ungual IV, metatarsal fragments
Referred- (IVPP V18190) pedal phalanx I (5.9 mm), pedal ungual I (5.5 mm), distal metatarsal II, phalanx II-1 (11.7 mm), proximal phalanx II-2, metatarsal III (21.1 mm), phalanx III-1 (9.8 mm), proximal phalanx III-2, distal metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1 (7.3 mm), phalanx IV-2 (7.3 mm), incomplete phalanx IV-3 (Hone, Choiniere, Tan and Xu, 2013)
Diagnosis- (after Xu et al., 2011) longitudinal ventral furrow along the entire length of each cervical centrum; cervical diapophyseal ridges extend to the posterodorsal rim of the centrum; extremely weak, ridge-like middle cervical epipophyses; large middorsal pleurocoels; proximalmost caudal centra amphiplatyan; proximalmost caudal neural spines located completely posterior to the neural pedicles; transversely compressed metacarpal II without distal articular surface.
Comments- Linhenykus was discovered in 2008, preliminarily described in 2011, then described in depth in 2013. Note the manuscript of Xu et al. (2013) was available online on December 13 2011 and differs in the title and other details from the final version. The referred specimen was discovered in June 2009 and described by Hone et al. (2013).
Adding this to Longrich and Currie's alvarezsauroid matrix, Xu et al. (2011, 2013) found Linhenykus to be phylogenetically between Patagonykus and Albertonykus+Xixianykus+Parvicursorinae. Xu et al. (2018) and Hartman et al. (2019) instead recovered it closer to parvicursorines than Albertonykus, closer to Xixianykus and Albinykus in the latter's trees.
References- Xu, Sullivan, Pittman, Choiniere, Hone, Upchurch, Tan, Xiao, Tan and Han, 2011. A monodactyl nonavian dinosaur and the complex evolution of the alvarezsauroid hand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108(6), 2338-2342.
Xu, Upchurch, Ma, Pittman, Choiniere, Sullivan, Hone, Tan, Tan, Xiao and Han, 2011 online. Osteology of the alvarezsauroid Linhenykus monodactylus from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, China, and comments on alvarezsauroid biogeography. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. MS. DOI:10.4202/app.2011.0083
Hone, Choiniere, Tan and Xu, 2013 (online 2012). An articulated pes from a small parvicursorine alvarezsauroid dinosaur from Inner Mongolia, China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58(3), 453-458.
Xu, Upchurch, Ma, Pittman, Choiniere, Sullivan, Hone, Tan, Tan, Xiao and Han, 2013. Osteology of the Late Cretaceous alvarezsauroid Linhenykus monodactylus from China and comments on alvarezsauroid biogeography. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58(1), 25-46.
Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018. Two Early Cretaceous fossils document transitional stages in alvarezsaurian dinosaur evolution. Current Biology. 28, 1-8.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247

Xixianykus Xu, Wang, Sullivan, Hone, Han, Yan and Du, 2010
X. zhangi Xu, Wang, Sullivan, Hone, Han, Yan and Du, 2010
Late Coniacian-Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Majiacun Formation, Henan, China
Holotype- (XMDFEC V0011) (2 year old subadult) partial fifth dorsal vertebra (7.1 mm), partial sixth dorsal vertebra (8.5 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (9.9 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (11 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (9 mm), few dorsal ribs, gastralia, synsacrum (50 mm), first caudal vertebra (9 mm), partial second caudal centrum, incomplete ilia, proximal pubis, proximal ischium, femur (70.1 mm), tibiotarsus (91.3 mm), fibula (~28 mm), tarsometatarsus (~74 mm), partial metatarsal III
Diagnosis- (after Xu et al., 2010) sacral rib-transverse process complexes and zygapophyses fused to form separate anterior and posterior laminae; distinct fossa dorsal to antitrochanter on lateral surface of ilium; short ridge along posterior surface of pubic shaft near proximal end; distinct depression on lateral surface of ischium near proximal end; sharp groove along posterior surface of ischium; distal end of femur with transversely narrow ectocondylar tuber that extends considerable distance proximally as sharp ridge; transversely narrow tibial cnemial crest with sharp, ridge-like distal half; lateral margin of tibiotarsus forms step near distal end; fibula with substantial extension of proximal articular surface onto posterior face of posteriorly curving shaft; distal tarsals and metatarsals fused to form tarsometatarsus; sharp flange along anteromedial margin of metatarsal IV near proximal end.
Comments- Xu et al. (2010) entered this into a version of Longrich and Currie's alvarezsauroid matrix and recovered it between Patagonykus and parvicursorines, matching the results of Hartman et al. (2019).
References- Xu, Wang, Sullivan, Hone, Han, Yan and Du, 2010. A basal parvicursorine (Theropoda: Alvarezsauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Zootaxa. 2413, 1-19.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247
Qin, Zhao and Xu, 2019. Metatarsal II osteohistology of Xixianykus zhangi (Theropoda: Alvarezsauria) and its implications for the development of the arctometatarsalian pes. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 57(3), 205-213.

Nemegtonykus Lee, Park, Lee, Kim, Lu, Barsbold and Tsogtbaatar, 2019
= "Nemegtonykus" Lee, 2018
N. citus Lee, Park, Lee, Kim, Lu, Barsbold and Tsogtbaatar, 2019
= "Nemegtonykus citus" Lee, 2018
Early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Altan Uul III, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM 100/203) (~3.4 kg) posterior seventh dorsal vertebra, partial eighth dorsal vertebra (14.8 mm), incomplete ninth dorsal vertebra (17.4 mm), four dorsal ribs, first and second synsacral vertebrae (14, 14.3 mm), first caudal vertebra (16.8 mm), second caudal vertebra (15.1 mm), third caudal vertebra (15.4 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (14.8 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (14 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (14.1 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (14.2 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (16 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (15.7 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (15.9 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (16.2 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (16.2 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (16.7 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (14.3 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (15.7 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (15.3 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (16.2 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (15.5 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (13.6 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (12.6 mm), twenty-first caudal vertebra, third chevron, tenth chevron, scapulacoracoid, partial ilium, proximal pubis, three pubic or ischial fragments, femur (116.5 mm), tibiotarsus (152.7 mm), fibula (38.9 mm), tarsometarsus missing metatarsal III (mtII 112.9, mtIV 113.6 mm)
Paratype- (IGM 100/207) (~3.3 kg) (?)pubic fragment, incomplete femur (115.2 mm), incomplete tibia, fibula (37.1 mm), partial astragalus, proximal tarsometatarsus, distal metatarsal II, phalanx II-1 (16.4 mm), distal metatarsal III, distal metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1 (~11.6 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Lee et al., 2019) anteroposteriorly elongate and subtrapezoidal lamina formed by transverse process-sacral rib complex and postzygapophyses on the first sacral vertebra, which is fused with preacetabular part of ilium (similar to Xixianykus); fusion between second sacral centrum and preacetabular process without any contribution of sacral ribs; partially fused scapulocoracoid; greatly reduced pubic peduncle of ilium (similar to Qiupanykus); posterodorsally oriented postacetabular process; distinct fossa on dorsal surface of ilium near antitrochanter (also in Xixianykus); prominent wedge-shaped tubercle on posterolateral margin of tibiotarsus near distal end; fusion between distal tarsal and metatarsus (also in Xixianykus and Albinykus); partial plantar fusion between distal shafts of metatarsals II and IV.
Comments- IGM 100/203 was discovered in 2008, then described and named "Nemegtonykus citus" by Lee (2018) in their unpublished thesis. Lee recovered it as an alvarezsaurid sister to Linhenykus using Choiniere's matrix. Lee et al. (2019) officially described and named the taxon, including a new referred specimen, and recovered it in a large polytomy of alvarezsaurids including other hyperarctometatarsal taxa except Albertonykus and Qiupanykus. Adding it to the Hartman et al. maniraptoromorph matrix results in it being sister to Albinykus.
References- Lee, 2018. Two new maniraptorans (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Nemegt Formation (Early Maastrichtian) of Mongolia. Masters Thesis, Seoul National University School of Earth and Environmental Sciences. 280 pp.
Lee, Park, Lee, Kim, Lu, Barsbold and Tsogtbaatar, 2019. A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Scientific Reports. 9:15493.

Albinykus Nesbitt, Clarke, Turner and Norell, 2011
A. baatar Nesbitt, Clarke, Turner and Norell, 2011
Santonian-Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Javkhlant Formation, Mongolia
Holotype- (IGM 100/3004) (~700-1000 g; 2 year old adult) partial ilium, incomplete ischium, partial femur (~65 mm), incomplete tibiotarsi, proximal fibulae, metatarsals I (6.5, 6.4 mm), phalanges I-1 (5.3, 5.6 mm), pedal unguals I (5.4 mm), tarsometatarsi (77 mm; II 66, IV 64.9 mm, II 65.7, IV 66.8 mm), phalanges II-1 (9.9, 10.4 mm), phalanges II-2 (6.3, 6 mm), pedal unguals II (11.3 mm), metatarsals III (~22.5 mm), phalanges III-1 (8.6, 8.4 mm), phalanges III-2 (6.7, 7 mm), phalanges III-3 (7.3, 7.4 mm), pedal unguals III (9.4, 11.5 mm), phalanges IV-1 (6.2, 6.4 mm), phalanges IV-2 (5.2 mm), phalanges IV-3 (4.1, 4.2 mm), phalanges IV-4 (6.7, 6.3 mm), pedal unguals IV (~7.2, 12 mm), metatarsals V (8.4 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Nesbitt et al., 2011) complete fusion between the tibia and proximal tarsals. Combination of- short metatarsal I with rounded proximal tip (unknown in Alvarezsaurus
and Patagonykus); well-pronounced and knob-like crest for attachment of M. iliofibularis on fibula proportionally larger than other alvarezsaurids; deep groove on anterior face of astragalar ascending process; pedal phalanx IV-4 longer than both IV-2 and IV-3.
Comments- Discovered in 2004, this was described by Nesbitt et al. (2011) as a parvicursorine most closely related to Shuvuuia. It should be noted this was based on a TWiG matrix that did not separate the latter taxon from the Tugriken Shireh specimens, nor did it include any other arctometatarsal alvarezsaurids except Mononykus and the controversial Kol. Agnolin et al. (2012), Xu et al. (2018) and Hartman et al. (2019) all recovered it sister to Xixianykus.
Reference- Nesbitt, Clarke, Turner and Norell, 2011. A small alvarezsaurid from the eastern Gobi Desert offers insight into evolutionary patterns in the Alvarezsauroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31(1), 144-153.
Agnolin, Powell, Novas and Kundrat, 2012 (online 2011). New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. 35, 33-56.
Xu, Choiniere, Tan, Benson, Clark, Sullivan, Zhao, Han, Ma, He, Wang, Xing and Tan, 2018. Two Early Cretaceous fossils document transitional stages in alvarezsaurian dinosaur evolution. Current Biology. 28, 1-8.
Hartman, Mortimer, Wahl, Lomax, Lippincott and Lovelace, 2019. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 7:e7247. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7247